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(Uitgebreide) Samenvatting Statistiek II voor de sociale wetenschappen $9.66
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(Uitgebreide) Samenvatting Statistiek II voor de sociale wetenschappen

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Deze samenvatting bevat alle theorie van het vak statistiek II voor de sociale wetenschappen in combinatie met de in de les gegeven voorbeelden.

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  • February 24, 2023
  • 91
  • 2022/2023
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Statistiek || voor de sociale wetenschappen –
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1

,Inhoud
1. Les 1: Herhaling basisconcepten ..................................................................................................... 9
1.1. Statistiek en statistische gegevens .......................................................................................... 9
1.1. Steekproef en onderzoekspopulatie ....................................................................................... 9
1.2. Beschrijvende en inferentiële statistiek .................................................................................. 9
1.3. Variabelen: Operationalisering en meetniveaus ..................................................................... 9
1.2.1. Tekstuele versus numerieke variabelen ........................................................................ 10
1.2.2. Operationalisering ......................................................................................................... 10
1.2.3. Kwalitatieve versus kwantitatieve variabelen ............................................................... 10
1.2.4. Meetniveau’s ................................................................................................................. 10
1.4. Frequentieverdelingen en grafische weergaven ................................................................... 11
1.2.5. Absolute frequentie....................................................................................................... 11
1.2.6. Relatieve frequentie ...................................................................................................... 11
1.2.7. Cumulatieve absolute frequentie .................................................................................. 12
1.2.8. Cumulatieve relatieve frequentie.................................................................................. 12
1.2.9. Grafische weergaven ..................................................................................................... 12
1.2.10. Tips en tricks voor grafieken.......................................................................................... 13
1.5. Maten van centraliteit ........................................................................................................... 13
1.2.11. Overzicht centrummaten .............................................................................................. 14
1.6. Maten van spreiding .............................................................................................................. 14
1.2.12. Overzicht spreidingsmaten............................................................................................ 16
1.7. Outliers .................................................................................................................................. 16
1.2.13. Wat zijn outliers? ........................................................................................................... 16
1.2.14. Outliers identificeren..................................................................................................... 16
1.2.15. Outliers corrigeren ........................................................................................................ 17
2. Kansrekenen .................................................................................................................................. 17
1.8. Basisconcepten van kansrekenen ......................................................................................... 17
1.2.16. Concept kans ................................................................................................................. 17
1.2.17. Uitkomstenruimte ......................................................................................................... 18
1.2.18. Gebeurtenis ................................................................................................................... 18
1.2.19. Kans op een gebeurtenis ............................................................................................... 18
1.2.20. Doorsnede van gebeurtenis .......................................................................................... 19
1.2.21. Disjuncte gebeurtenissen .............................................................................................. 19
1.2.22. Unie van gebeurtenissen ............................................................................................... 19
1.9. Rekenregels voor kansen....................................................................................................... 19
1.2.23. Drie basisregels.............................................................................................................. 19

2

, 1.2.23.1. Complementregel ...................................................................................................... 20
1.2.23.2. Somregel .................................................................................................................... 20
1.2.23.3. Productregel .............................................................................................................. 20
1.10. Voorwaardelijke kansen .................................................................................................... 21
1.2.24. Onafhankelijke gebeurtenissen ..................................................................................... 21
1.2.25. Afhankelijke gebeurtenissen => Voorwaardelijke kansen ............................................ 21
1.2.26. Productregel .................................................................................................................. 21
1.2.27. Controleren van onafhankelijkheid ............................................................................... 21
1.2.28. Onafhankelijke gebeurtenissen ..................................................................................... 21
1.2.29. Voorwaardelijke kans .................................................................................................... 22
1.2.30. Totale kans op basis van voorwaardelijke kans ............................................................ 22
1.2.31. Regel van Bayes ............................................................................................................. 22
3. Les 3: Statistische kansverdelingen ............................................................................................... 23
1.11. De discrete kansverdeling ................................................................................................. 23
1.2.32. Wat? .............................................................................................................................. 23
1.2.33. Gemiddelde ................................................................................................................... 23
1.2.34. Specifieke discrete kansverdeling ................................................................................. 23
1.12. Binomiaalverdeling ............................................................................................................ 23
1.13. Continue kansverdeling ..................................................................................................... 24
1.14. Kenmerken ........................................................................................................................ 25
1.15. Normaalverdeling .............................................................................................................. 25
1.2.35. Empirische regel ............................................................................................................ 26
1.16. Standaardnormaalverdeling .............................................................................................. 26
1.17. Kans berekenen – De kansdichtheid ................................................................................. 26
1.2.36. Cumulatieve kansen ...................................................................................................... 27
1.2.37. Niet cumulatieve kansen ............................................................................................... 27
4. Steekproefverdeling en centrale limietstelling ............................................................................. 27
1.18. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 27
1.2.38. Twee soorten statistiek ................................................................................................. 27
1.19. Steekproefverdeling en centrale limietstelling ................................................................. 27
1.2.39. Verschillen tussen steekproeven................................................................................... 27
1.2.40. Variatie tussen steekproefverdelingen ......................................................................... 27
1.2.40.1. Steekproefverdeling .................................................................................................. 27
1.2.41. Centrale limietstelling ................................................................................................... 28
1.20. Steekproevenverdeling proportie ..................................................................................... 28
1.2.42. Inferentiële statistiek..................................................................................................... 28

3

, 1.2.43. Binomiaalverdeling ........................................................................................................ 29
1.2.44. Kenmerken van steekproevenverdeling........................................................................ 29
1.21. Steekproevenverdeling voor gemiddelde ......................................................................... 29
1.2.45. Kenmerken steekproefverdeling ................................................................................... 29
5. Hypothesetoetsen ......................................................................................................................... 30
1.22. Hypothesetoetsen van een Proportie ............................................................................... 30
1.2.46. Wat? .............................................................................................................................. 30
1.2.47. Hoe?............................................................................................................................... 30
1.2.47.1. Assumpties ................................................................................................................ 30
1.2.47.2. Hypotheses ................................................................................................................ 30
1.2.47.3. Toetsstatistiek ........................................................................................................... 30
1.2.47.4. P-waarde.................................................................................................................... 31
1.2.47.5. Conclusie ................................................................................................................... 32
1.23. Hypothesetoetsen van een Gemiddelde ........................................................................... 32
1.2.48. Hoe?............................................................................................................................... 32
1.2.48.1. Assumpties ................................................................................................................ 32
1.2.48.2. Hypothesen ............................................................................................................... 32
1.2.48.3. Toetsstatistiek ........................................................................................................... 33
1.2.48.4. P-waarde.................................................................................................................... 33
1.2.48.5. Conclusie ................................................................................................................... 33
1.24. Twee strategieën voor het bepalen van de p-waarde (stap 4) ......................................... 33
1.2.49. Exacte waarde-methode ............................................................................................... 33
1.2.50. Kritieke waarde-methode.............................................................................................. 34
6. Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen ........................................................................................................ 34
1.25. Betrouwbaarheidsinterval voor een proportie ................................................................. 34
1.2.51. Berekenen en interpreteren van een betrouwbaarheidsinterval ................................. 34
1.2.51.1. Assumpties ................................................................................................................ 34
1.2.51.2. Opbouw ..................................................................................................................... 34
1.2.51.3. Resultaat .................................................................................................................... 35
1.2.51.4. Interpretatie .............................................................................................................. 35
1.2.52. Effect van het betrouwbaarheidsniveau en de steekproefgrootte ............................... 35
1.26. Betrouwbaarheidsinterval voor een gemiddelde ............................................................. 36
1.2.53. Bepalen van een betrouwbaarheidsinterval ................................................................. 36
1.2.53.1. Assumpties ................................................................................................................ 36
1.2.53.2. Opbouw ..................................................................................................................... 36
1.2.53.3. Resultaat .................................................................................................................... 37

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