Notes from Study Group (Disclaimer) .............................................................................................................. 8
Study Unit 2 – The Physical Development of the Adolescent ..................................................................... 8
The Physical Development of the adolescent .................................................................................................. 8
Early and Late Development .............................................................................................................................. 10
Body Image .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Study Unit 3 – The Cognitive Development of the Adolescent ............................................................... 14
The adolescent brain............................................................................................................................................. 14
Creativity................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Howard Gardner – His Multiple Intelligence Theory (MI Theory) .......................................................... 17
Jean Piaget: His Developmental Approach .................................................................................................... 19
Sternberg.................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Vygotsky: His Sociocultural Theory.................................................................................................................. 23
Study Unit 4 – The Social Development of the Adolescent ...................................................................... 25
Erik Erikson .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
Urie Bronfenbrenner ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Social Relationship of the Adolescent............................................................................................................. 28
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem ............................................................................................................................ 31
Study Unit 5 – Emotional Development of the Adolescent ...................................................................... 32
Emotional Development ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Experiences of Emotions During Adolescence ............................................................................................. 34
Adolescent Aggression ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Study Unit 5 – Moral Development of the Adolescent .............................................................................. 35
Lawrence Kohlberg ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Moral Development .............................................................................................................................................. 36
Study Unit 6 – The Adolescent in Transition ................................................................................................. 38
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School Transition ................................................................................................................................................... 38
Transition to the World of Work....................................................................................................................... 40
Study Unit 7 – Developmental Challenges of the Adolescent ................................................................. 42
Eating Disorders ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
Obesity ...................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Study Unit 8 – Social Concerns in Adolescence ............................................................................................ 47
Cyberbullying .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Street Children ........................................................................................................................................................ 47
Technology and Media ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Study Unit 9 – Teaching, Learning and Motivation ..................................................................................... 51
Adolescent Teaching and Learning .................................................................................................................. 51
Motivation ................................................................................................................................................................ 53
Study Unit 10 – S.A Adolescent Resilience ..................................................................................................... 54
Resilience .................................................................................................................................................................. 54
Random Threads and Posts Worth Noting .................................................................................................... 55
Past Exam Answers ............................................................................................................................................... 70
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Assignment 2 (90%)
Question 1
1.1 Motivation
Motivation has been defined differently over different periods of time. According to Vrey
(1979) motivation is a type of arousal that is driven by the internal factors such as; the person
himself/herself or by external factors such as someone else. This is dependent on the
realisation of a specific goal or a set of goals.
Motivation is a process “that influences the direction, persistence, and vigour of goal-directed
behaviour (Passer & Smith 2001). Which, in simpler terms states that motivation is a type of
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