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Analytical thinking & Critical reasoning notes
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Analytical thinking & criticalreasoning
Whati s an
argument?
3
1. A set ofpremisis
2. conclusion.
A
Signal words make easier to
distinguish
A
sentence is
any declarativ Statement
thatmakes a claim about
something
deductiv
arguments
!
inductiv
arguments
↓ x
Valitity & soundness
6 the conclusion is impossible to be false,
because all premises are true
varia
argument
=>
a deductive
argument is sound ifit's valid &
the
premises are all in
fact true
, logical possibility the
argumentation
matching to the
as to be coherent
conclusion
I
coherently valid
can't
imagine
-
-
can
imagine
=
invalid
Varid doesn'tmean "true premises" or"true
conclusion"
1. All cats are mammals. -> Invalid because John
2. All mammals are alive. is not
part of the premises
John alive premises &
. . is the conclusion
are not coherent
1. All cats are mammals-> varia
2. All mammals are alive
3.John is a cat/mamme
.
:
John is alive.
&
*
C 07.09.2
The vocabulary ofL
1. Capital letters A, B, C.... to representatomic sentences
2. Symbols for truth-functional connectives:
· ~
representing negation ("not"
#
·
rep conjunction land" only true if both XY are true
vrep. disjunction"or") only false ifboth ydy false
·
are
· ->
rep. Conditional ("if-then"/ only false ifthe consequence; is
false & if dy are false it's true
·
rep, biconditional ("ifand onlyif" yy are either both true
to be true
or both false
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