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Work and Organisational Psychology - Nijstad - Full book summary of every chapter (1-11). Fully elaborated with every model and research articles mentioned $5.89
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Work and Organisational Psychology - Nijstad - Full book summary of every chapter (1-11). Fully elaborated with every model and research articles mentioned
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Course
Teams in Organisations (7202BA02XY)
Institution
Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
Book
Social Psychology: A Modular Course - Group Performance
Chapter 1-11
Fully summarized with all the models included (some models included from the lecture slides to create a better understanding)
-research mentioned in the book noted by *
-chapters mentioned by bold, red letters
-all definitions mentioned in bold letters
Groupthink = A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a
cohesive in-group, when members' strivings for unanimity over- ride their motivation to
realistically appraise alternative courses of action
The essence of groupthink lies in excessive concurrence-seeking: Group members try to
maintain consensus and group harmony, and refrain from criticism or counter-argumentation
against the alternative that is favored by the group. Because group members do not critically
appraise the alternatives, and everyone appears to agree with the proposed decision, they run
the risk of convincing themselves to adopt a course of action that normally would be
perceived as inadequate or even dangerous.
What is a group
-people who experience similar outcomes (Lewin)
-form of social structure (status or role differentiation) (Sherif and Sherif)
-groups need to meet on a regular basis (Bales)
-shared identity, when members identify themselves as members of a group (Tajfel)
Group entitativity = the degree to which a collection of persons is perceived as being bonded
together in a coherent unit (common fate, social structure, face-to-face interaction, and shared
identity may all contribute to group entitativity)
-the more of these properties a group possesses the more entitative the group is
-group does not have to have all properties to be a group
Properties of a group (that make them entitative)
1 interdependence (+)
,- situations in which a group member's individual performance or outcomes depend not only
on the actions of that individual, but also on the actions of other members.
-Task interdependence = the degree to which group members are mutually dependent on one
another to accomplish their tasks.
-Outcome interdependence = the degree to which group members are mutually dependent to
receive valued outcomes
-task and outcome interdependence often co-occur (but not always)
2 Importance (+)
-how important the group is for each member
3 Interaction (+)
-form of verbal or nonverbal communication among group members
-how often they interact
-highly dependent teams interact more (necessary for coordination)
4 Permeability (-)
-how easy or difficult it is to enter or leave a group
-stable or frequent changes of membership
-elite, high status?
5 Similarity (+)
-is group membership based on similarity
-similarity increases likeability of someone
-outsiders categorize similar people together
*Group cohesion and performance
-Relation between the two depend on other factors
-Depends on group goal acceptance
-when performance goal acceptance is high (agree with the given goal) then there is a positive
relationship between group cohesion and performance goals
-if there is no goal acceptance then there is no relation (because cohesion will not motivate
them to work towards a goal)
,-so goal acceptance is essential for the positive relationship (when there is goal acceptance
cohesion motivates them to work harder)
6 Group Cohesion ((+))
-Group cohesion = the force that binds its members to the group and induces them to stay
with the group
-important for group functioning
-task cohesion = the shared commitment to the group's tasks
-interpersonal cohesion = the attraction to the group
7 Group structure ((+))
-the degree to which a group has developed certain characteristics (norms, roles, status
difference)
8 Duration (+)
-how long the group stays together
9 Size (-)
-number of people in a group
*Which group properties best predicts group entativity (Lickl et al.)
-most important is group interaction (+)
-importance (+)
-common goals and outcomes (+)
-group member similarity (+)
-group size (negative or weak relation)
-permeability (negative or weak relation)
(in the book focus on task groups: small, face-to-face interaction, common goal)
Group functions
-function to perform a certain task
, -sometimes cannot be done by individuals alone
Implications for view of an individuals
1 groups help how to view one self
- wellbeing
-universal social need: need to belong
-tendency to form strong stable positive relationships with others
-satisfies basic human needs (can prolong life)
> group members have a resistance to dissolve group
> people want to be liked and included (infleunces functioning of the group)
> being rejected by group members can be detrimental to wellbeing
2 groups help understand the world
-social comparison theory = people want to hold accurate views of themselves and of the
world. They can do this by validating their beliefs against ``physical reality'' (e.g., ``I think the
ice is thick enough, I will try to stand on it'') or against ``social reality'
-consensus implies correctness = when there appears to be consensus among group members
it is taken as strong evidence that this view is correct
> other group members adapt a conclusion without much thought
> compare oneself to others abilities
3 groups help understand ourselves
-social identity theory and self categorization theory = people define themselves (and
others) partly in terms of group membership
-group membership contributes to our identity
-social identity = The part of the self-concept that derives from group membership combined
with the value and significance of that membership
-seeing oneself and others as members of groups helps to reduce uncertainty and make sense
of our world
-group membership provides guidelines for the way we should behave or think
4 utilitarian benefits from groups
-exchange theory = social relations help fulfill the individuals needs (need to belong) and
often take a form of exchange processes
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