VTNE: Pharmacology Questions and Answers 100% Pass
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VTNE
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VTNE
VTNE: Pharmacology Questions and Answers 100% Pass Who regulates controlled drugs? The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)
C-I Schedule I drugs have the most abuse potential and no current medically acceptable use Marajuana, heroin
C-II Schedule II dru...
VTNE: Pharmacology Questions and Answers 100% Pass Who regulates controlled drugs? ✔✔The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) C-I ✔✔Schedule I drugs have the most abuse potential and no current medically acceptable use Marajuana, heroin C-II ✔✔Schedule II drugs have a high abuse potential and are prone to cause severe dependence Written prescription only (except in emergencies w ith written script within 72 hrs) No refills Morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines, fentanyl C-III ✔✔Schedule III drugs have moderate abuse potential with low to moderate risk of dependence (more likely psychological than physical) Ketamine, buprenorphine, an abolic steroids, intermediate -acting barbiturates C-IV ✔✔Schedule IV drugs have a low abuse potential and low risk of dependence Benzodiazepines (diazepam), long -acting barbiturates (phenobarbital) C-V ✔✔Schedule V drugs have the lowest risk of abuse or dependence of the scheduled drugs Compounded drug ✔✔One that has been manipulated in a way that is not provided for in an FDA approved drug label Five "rights" of drug administration ✔✔Right drug Right amount Right route Right time Right patient Therapeutic index (TI) ✔✔Comparison between a drug's ability to reach the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects TI = LD50/ED50 The larger the number, the safer the drug LD50 ✔✔The dose of a drug that is lethal in 50% of the animals in a trial ED50 ✔✔The dose of a drug that is effective in 50% of the animals in a trial Blood -brain barrier ✔✔A mechanism that prevents some substances in the blood from reaching the brain. It is achieved by brain capillaries, which unlike other capillaries elsewhere in the body, are composed of endothelial cells sealed together in continuous tight junctions and surrounded by astrocytes that contribute to the selective passage of substances. Lipid -soluble substances such as alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and mos t anaesthetics, as well as glucose, oxygen and water, pass rapidly into brain cells, whereas proteins, most antibiotics and ions do not enter or enter very slowly. The mechanism protects brain cells against harmful substances and pathogens. Biotransformat ion ✔✔The process by which the body inactivates and breaks down a drug and readies it for excretion Types include hydroxylation and acetylation Also known as metabolism Metabolite ✔✔Byproduct produced when a drug is metabolized Can be active or inactive Antimicrobial drugs ✔✔Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) Classified as -cidal (kill the organism) or -static (prevent its replication) Antimicrobials work via five mechanisms. Name them and give an example of each. ✔✔1. Disruption of microbial cell wall development (penicillins) 2. Damaging the cell membrane of static / adult populations (polymyxins) 3. Interference with microbial protein synthesis (aminoglycosides) 4. Inhibition of nucleic acid production (griseofulvin , ketoconazole) 5. Disruption of microbial metabolic activity (sulfa drugs) Classes of antimicrobials ✔✔Aminoglycosides (gentamicin) Penicillins (amoxicillin) Cephalosporins (cephalexin) Tetracyclines (doxycycline) Quinolones (enrofloxacin) Lincosamides / Macrolides (clindamycin) Sulfonamides (sulfadimethoxine)
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