BCAT - Principles of ABA, question and answer, 100% accurate

BCAT - Principles of ABA, question and answer, 100% accurate Core Principles of ABA The consequences that follow a behavior control whether that behavior will increase or decrease. Positive Reinforcement A type of reinforcement in which the presentation of the stimulus is contingent upon the response, resulting in an increase in the future probability of that response. Negative Reinforcement A type of reinforcement in which removal of a stimulus is contingent on a response, resulting in an increase in the future probability of that response. Positive Punishment A type of punishment in which stimulus presentation is contingent on a response, resulting in the decrease of the future probability of that response. Negative Punishment A type of punishment in which stimulus removal is contingent on a response, resulting in the decrease of the future probability of that response. Reinforcer A stimulus that is either delivered or removed that will increase the likelihood of that response occurring in the future. 2 kinds: 1) Primary (or unconditioned); innately motivating, natural, unlearned. 2) Secondary (or conditioned); conditioned and learned. Punisher A stimulus that is either delivered or removed that will decrease the likelihood of that response occurring in the future. Conditioned Reinforcer A stimulus that initially has no reinforcing properties but through occurring simultaneously with an unconditioned or strongly conditioned reinforcer, acquires reinforcing properties. Unconditioned Reinforcer A stimulus such as food, water, shelter, or clothing that is reinforcing in the absence of any prior learning history. Extinction A procedure by which a behavior that was previously reinforced no longer receives reinforcement and the probability of the behavior decreases. Usually a gradual decrease. May have spontaneous recovery. Extinction bursts can occur. Deprivation The absence or reduction of a reinforcer for a period of time. The deprivation is an establishing operation that increases the effectiveness of the reinforcer. Satiation The repeated presentation of a reinforcer weakens the effectiveness and for this reason the rate of responses declines. Contingency Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables. Motivating Operation An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event. Antecedent Environmental events that occur prior to the behavior. Behavior Anything an organism does. Problem behaviors interfere with the ability to learn, limits quality of social interactions, causes property damage, results in injury, and needs to be reduced or eliminated. Consequence Environmental events that occur after a behavior. MOST IMPORTANT PART of the 3 -term contingency b/c it determines if a behavior will increase or decrease. 3-Term Contingency Also referred to as the ABC's of behavior (antecedent-behavior-consequence). It illustrates how behavior is elicited by the environment and how the consequences of behavior can affect its future occurrence. Stimulus Any physical object or event that has an effect on the behavior of an individual. The stimulus can be internal (e.g. pain, hunger, etc.) or external. Discriminative Stimulus (SD) Any event in the presence of which a target behavior is likely to have consequences that affect its frequency. Response The specific instance of a particular behavior. Discrete Trial One teaching technique used in ABA, 3-term contingency. It has 3 components (antecedent, response, consequence). Stimulus Control The tendency for the target behavior to occur in the presence of the SD but not in the presence of the S-delta.