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Unit 4 Assignment B/2
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Making a nailvarnish
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Unit 4 Assignment C
Laboratory Techniques and Their Application
,Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................2
HYPOTHESIS...........................................................................................................................................2
RISK ASSESSMENT..................................................................................................................................3
Stage 1: preparation of an ester (ethyl ethanoate)...............................................................................3
APPARATUS........................................................................................................................................3
METHOD part 1- heating the reaction mixture under reflux..........................................................4
METHOD part 2- removing excess acid..........................................................................................5
METHOD part 3- isolating the product by distillation....................................................................5
METHOD part 4- remove water.....................................................................................................5
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................5
Stage 2: determining boiling point: Siwoloboff method........................................................................6
APPARATUS........................................................................................................................................6
METHOD........................................................................................................................................7
RESULTS.............................................................................................................................................7
Stage 3: determining Infrared spectroscopy..........................................................................................8
RESULTS.............................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................8
EVALUATION........................................................................................................................................10
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF ETHYL EHTANOATE..............................................................................10
Fischer Esterification........................................................................................................................11
METHOD......................................................................................................................................13
Tishchenko method.............................................................................................................................14
METHOD......................................................................................................................................15
LABORATORY VS INDUSTRIES..............................................................................................................15
How and why is purity tasted?.........................................................................................................16
Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................17
2
, In this assignment I will talk about the production of ester in laboratory and in
industries. I will also compare the production of ester in laboratory and in
industries.
INTRODUCTION
With a condensation reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid an organic
compound called ester is formed.
H2SO4
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH CH 3CO2CH2CH3 +
H2O
Ester are used for perfumes and flavourings, but it can also be used as solvents
(nail varnish).
Percentage yield is the precent ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield.
percent yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100%
percentage yield is calculated because industry need to compare the yield of
product that is actually obtained with what could have been obtain in theory.
This is to make sure that all the reactants were converted with no loss or waste.
Atom economy is used to measure the amount of starting material that end up
as useful products.
Having a high atom economy means that the process is efficient. Therefore, they
create a sustainable development, as they use fewer natural resources and
create less waste.
Distillation
Distillation is the process of converting a liquid into vapour that than is
subsequently condensed back to liquid form. This is done to separate
components of a mixture based on different boiling points.
Siwoloboff method
Siwoloboff method is a procedure that uses the boiling point to identify the
purities of a solution. This method uses a thermometer a capillary to identify the
boiling point of the solution. Then the experimental value is compared with the
actual one to determine the purity of the solution.
Infrared spectroscopy
IR spectroscopy is one of the most used techniques to identify the purity of a
solution. This technique uses infrared radiation to excite the molecules of a
compound and generates an IR spectroscopy of the energy absorbed by a
molecule as a function of the frequency or wavelength of light.
HYPOTHESIS
To prepare the ethyl ethanoate
2
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