BTEC APPLIED SCIENCE UNIT 12 A: Learning aim A: Investigate different types of diseases and infections
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Course
Unit 12 - Diseases and Infections (UNIT12)
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
In this assignment, what is talked about the different type of pathogens (5) and what diseases are caused by them, in here it is talked about into depth which give a distinction level. Although, if you are aiming for a pass/merit level, look at the writings in red and get the information through th...
DISEASES AND INFECTIONS
WHAT IS A PATHOGEN?
A pathogen is a bacterium, virus or other
microorganisms that can cause diseases.
There are five main types of pathogens which are:
Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Parasites (eukaryotes)
Viruses (akaryotes)
Fungus (eukaryotes)
Protozoa (eukaryotes)
Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a genetic material that has DNA within the nucleus.
They contain many membrane bound organelles such as chloroplasts.
Prokaryotic cells are cells which indicate the lack of a nucleus but have a nucleoid (nucleus
like) that has a tiny ring of DNA that is called plasmids with a DNA loop which are
nanoscopic.
They do not contain a nucleus but rather are large cells without a nuclei such as Red Blood
Cells as well as viruses that do not have a recognisable structure.
HOW DO BACTERIA, VIRUSES,AND PROTOZOA EACH
CAUSES A ILLNESS?
Bacteria is a prokaryotic cell that is a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms
which contains a cell wall but do not possess organelles such as the nucleus, which can
cause a disease.
Viruses are akaryotes that are an infective agent (An agent capable of behaving against
infection, whether by blocking the spread of an infectious agent or by killing the infectious
agent outright)[1] which takes the form of a molecule of nucleic acid in a protein coat. This is
too small to be seen under light microscopy, and can multiply only within a host's living cells.
Finally, protozoa are akaryotes that are a single celled microscopic animal of a group of
phyla of the kingdom Protista. Such as amoeba, flagellate, ciliate or sporozoan.
All three of the stated pathogens cause illnesses by entering the host's body. When bacteria
are much bigger than viruses, they enter host cells via phagocytosis which is a type of white
blood cell that engulfs and absorbs bacteria. This is a typical activity of macrophages, they
patrol the body's tissues, ingesting and destroying unwanted microorganisms. The virus
enters the pathways so they fuse either directly to the plasma membrane, they bind into the
protein in the cell membrane.
Although for a protozoan parasite to move from host-to-host, they use one to four ways:
1. directly entering the host via sexual transmission e.g Trichomonas spp.
2. Faecal-oral, this could be drinking unhygienic water or soluble that may potentially
contain faeces.
WHAT ARE THE ECTOPARASITIC AND ENDO PARASITIC
ORGANISMS?
, Ectoparasitic organisms are organisms such as ticks, fleas, and lice that attach/burrow into
the skin of their host and live there for an extended amount of time. In short, they are blood-
sucking arthropods that rely on a blood meal from a human(s) host to survive.
Endo parasitic organisms include roundworms and hookworms, which are parasites that
exist in their hosts' tissues and organs and affect organs such as the lungs, intestines,
hearts, and blood vessels, causing serious disease to the host. Parasites can have a
negative impact on their host's survival and procreation by lowering the host's survival and
fecundity (the ability to produce offspring). They also demonstrate specific forms of action
like castration and the restriction of body growth. [2] [3]
ZOONOTIC DISEASE
Zoonotic disease is a disease that carries a lot of germs, this is only transmitted from
animals.
There are many examples, a few are; Zoonotic Influenza, Salmonellosis and Rabies.
To add, examples of a disease caused by each of the of the five pathogens are:
BACTERIA
Characteristics of Unicellular (consisting of a single cell)
bacteria: Prokaryotic
Contains a plasma membrane
Lacks a nucleus
Microscopic
The structure of The cell wall forms a rigid structure containing a peptidoglycan
bacteria: layer of thickness around the cell;
they are responsible for its cell shape.
Reproduction: Reproduced by binary fission, due to the bacteria having a single
cell, they divide into two identical daughter cells.
It only begins when the bacteria cell replicates.
Nutrition of bacteria: Bacterial cells consist of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic
acid and 80% of water.
Table below is a disease caused by Vibrio Cholerae (Cholera).
CHOLERA
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