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Summary Design Research and Grasple
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Summary of the exam of the course Design Research at Hotelschool the Hague.
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Introduction lecture Design Thinking Based Research1. What is research?
- The academic research cycle
- Basic versus applied research
2. Introduction to Design Thinking Based Research.
3. Course practicalities
4. Appendices: study material for you next class
- Problem Analysis
- Research Design
Business Research definition: An organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective,
inquiry or investigation into a specific problem with the purpose of finding answers or
solutions to it.
Design based research cycle:
Different types of research: basic (fundamental) vs applied
● Basic (fundamental) research: Generates a body of knowledge by trying to
comprehend how certain problems that occur in organizations can be solved.
● Applied research (solve problems): solves a current problem faced by the manager in
the work setting demanding a timely solution.
Homework assignment grasple Week 1:
Academic research cycle:
1. problem analysis; what is the aim of your research?
2. research design; how can you reach this aim?
3. data collection; how can you collect data?
4. data analysis; what do the data look like and what can be interpreted from them?
5. reporting; which conclusions are backed up by the data?
Questions while conducting a problem analysis:
, 1. What is the direct cause for the research (and who ordered it)?
2. What is the problem/ the yet unknown?
3. What is the aim of the study? What will be done with the results?
4. What is the research question?
5. What are the hypotheses?
5 elements within research design:
1. Operationalization of variables
- Operationalisation is intended to guard the clarity of your research
2. Type of research and study
- examinatory= checking if you conjectures (hypotheses) are true
- exploratory= trying to find new information
- descriptive= presenting known information
we distinguish two types of research:
- Quantitative; tends to consist of calculations and its output of graphs and
diagrams; expressing of the outcomes of the research in numbers;
quantitative research is often conducted using experimental design or tailored
surveys.
- Qualitative; any type of study that aims to acquire information that isn’t
numerical; qualitative research tends to use observatory designs, case
studies or interview-techniques.
3. Population and sampling
- sampling: drawing a sample from a population
- generalizing/ inferences; drawing conclusions about a population based on a
sample
4. Research method
There are three main questions you need to ask yourself:
- How will you acquire information? Which Research tool are you going to
use?
- How will you measure that which is of interest to your research? Which
instrument are you going to use to tap into your constructs?
- How will you execute your research? What procedure will you follow?
5. Representativeness, biases and quality
- representativeness
- quality of your measurements
bias refers to the degree to which the objectivity of measurements is affected
by noise.
Validity and Reliability
Reliability refers to the degree to which multiple measurements come up with the same
result. It is sometimes called precision or consistency.
, Validity refers to the degree to what extend your measurement corresponds to what you
want to measure, the true value. Validity is often approached with the term accuracy.
Homework assignment grasple Week 2:
Advantages of observations:
- It allows the researcher to gather behavioral data without asking questions.
- The data obtained through observation of events as they normally occur are
generally more reliable and free from respondent bias.
Disadvantages of observations:
- Only actions and behavior can be observed, opinions and attitudes remain hidden.
- Observer bias: (also called experimenter bias or research bias) is the tendency to
see what we expect to see, or what we want to see. When a researcher studies a
certain group, they usually come to an experiment with prior knowledge and
subjective feelings about the group being studied.
- Ethics: do you need consent to watch people’s behavior? In what places and
circumstances?
- Time consuming
We distinguish different types of observation:
- Controlled vs Uncontrolled: this refers to whether the surrounding in which the
observation takes places is altered for the sake of observation.
- Participant vs Non-participant: this refers to whether the observer interacts in the
observation.
● Complete participation; the researcher lives/works with the subjects under
study and may conceal that he/she is an observer.
● Moderate participation; the researcher observes the scene under study,
maintaining a certain distance from it and never intervening + the role is one
of a passive witness or bystander.
● Active participation; the researcher does not conceal that he/she is an
observer but explains the fact that he/she is an observer to the social groups
under study right from the start; he/she engages in the activities under study.
- Structured vs Unstructured: this refers to whether the criteria that are noted in the
observation are predetermined.
- Concealed vs Unconcealed: this refers to whether the participant know they are
being studied.
When you conduct an observation, always:
- obtain permission
- Find ‘sponsor’
Structured observation/ systemic observation is a data collecting method in which
researchers gather data without direct involvement with the participants and the collection
technique is structured in a well defined and procedural manner. It allows researchers to
collect data that couldn’t be collected using typical research methods like surveys and
interviews.
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