Summary chapter 7: Metabolism. Nutrition, 4th edition, Insel et al.
328 views 1 purchase
Course
Health Food Innovation Management
Institution
Maastricht University (UM)
Book
Nutrition
Summary of Chapter 7 "Metabolism" of the book Nutrition, 4th edition, by Paul Insel et al. Summary of chapter 7 "Metabolism" of the book Nutrition, 4th edition, by Paul Insel et al.
Exam (elaborations) Nutrition Nutrition questions and answers
Nutrition
Nutrition
All for this textbook (10)
Written for
Maastricht University (UM)
Health Food Innovation Management
Health Food Innovation Management
All documents for this subject (13)
Seller
Follow
NAsset
Reviews received
Content preview
Chapter 7 – Metabolism
Metabolism: all chemical reactions within organisms that enable them to maintain life. The
two main categories of metabolism are catabolism and anabolism. Our cells get their energy
from chemical energy [= energy contained in the bonds between atoms of a molecule[ held in
the molecular bonds of carbohydrates, fats and protein (the energy macronutrients) as well as
alcohol. The chemical energy in foods and beverages originates as light energy from the sun.
Green plants use light energy to make carbohydrate in a process called photosynthesis: the
process by which green plants use radiant energy from the sun to produce carbohydrates
(usually glucose and oxygen) (hexoses) from carbon dioxide and water. When our bodies
extract energy from food and convert it to a form that our cells can use, we lose more than
half or the total food energy as heat. Conservation of energy: the total amount of energy is
constant (never loses or gains energy). We transfer food energy to cellular energy in three
stages: (1) digestion, absorption and transportation, (2) breakdown of many small molecules
to a few key metabolites (products of metabolic reactions) (10% of energy) and (3) transfer of
energy to a form that cells can use (90% of energy). Metabolic pathway: a series of chemical
reactions that either break down a large compound into smaller units (catabolism: any
metabolic process whereby cells break down complex substances into simpler, smaller ones)
or synthesize more complex molecules from smaller ones (anabolism: any metabolic process
whereby cells convert simple substances into more complex ones).
Cells [= the basic structural units of all living tissues, which have two major parts: the nucleus
and the cytoplasm] are the work centres of metabolism. Almost all cells have a similar
structure: the nucleus [= the primary site of genetic information in the cell, enclosed in a
double-layered membrane. The nucleus contains the chromosomes and is the site of
messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA synthesis, the “machinery” for protein synthesis in the
cytosol] and the cytoplasm [= the material of the cell, excluding the cell nucleus and cell
membranes. The cytoplasm includes the semifluid cytosol, the organelles and the particles].
Cytosol: is the semifluid inside the cell membrane, excluding organelles. The cytosol is the
site of glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. Organelles: various membrane-bound structures
that form part of the cytoplasm. Organelles, including mitochondria and lysosomes, perform
specialized metabolic functions. Mitochondria: the sites of aerobic production of ATP, where
most of the energy from carbohydrate, protein, and fat is captured. Called the “power plants”
of the cell, as both citric cycle and electron transport chain happen there, the mitochondria
contain two highly specialized membranes, an outer membrane and a highly folded inner
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller NAsset. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.24. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
