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Summary The geo (tto) vwo 3 chapter 2
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The geo vwo 3 chapter 2 Bilingual + geo guides
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Geography summary chapter 2Geo Guides:
G164: compact city and re-urbanization
City populations decreased as a result of suburbanization
More building was needed to stop people from moving away
Many residential areas were build on old industrial sites (due to factories closing)
In the old city centres space was also found and new residential neighbourhoods were build
on the outskirts of the central cities
Compact city policy -> policy for more building in and near a city
Re-urbanization -> if the population of a city starts to increase again after falling for many
years
G166: model for a city
Things all cities have in common
1. Historic city centre
> old houses, churches, museums
> buildings: offices, department stores, hotels, restaurants, theatres, cinemas
> space: working, shopping, going out
2. Central business district (CBD)
> part of the city with offices, shops, entertainment
3. Old residential areas
> factories were build on the edge of cities and housing had been built near them for
industrial workers
> many factories sites are now used for homes recreation and offices
There are new residential areas on the edge of cities, where there is more room for parking,
sports grounds and business parks near motorways
G167: city formation and urban renewal
Land use changes all the time in a city
In the past the city centre was densely populated but housing has been replaced with offices
and shops
City formation -> the process in which housing was replaced by offices and shops
In the past industrial and port areas developed om the edge of the city centre
As the city grew, business became surrounded by residential areas and were difficult to reach
So many businesses moved to a new location on the edge of the city or suburbs
(suburbanization of work)
The old factory sites were used for a different type of work and housing/recreation
A change in land use is part of urban renewal
G168: land prices and land use
Land use-> the use of space for living, working, traffic or recreation
In a city the price of land determines what it is used for
Land is expensive in city centres
The demand for space is higher than the supply so prices go up, resulting in that only
businesses can afford it
As a result of the high land prices lots of high-rise buildings are build
The further you go away from the city the cheaper the land
, At the edge of the city prices are so much lower that houses can be built on large plots of
land -> the housing density falls
G170: neighbourhood profile and quality of life
Cities are divided into residential areas and neighbourhoods
There are housing and residents’ characteristics for every neighbourhood
WOZ value -> value of homes
You can use the characteristics to make a neighbourhood profile, which tells u the
present condition of a neighbourhood
These characteristics tell us about the quality of life in a neighbourhood
G171: quality of life
Quality of life -> the extent to which a residential area is suitable to live in
You can measure this by using the neighbourhood profile but it’s important to know what
the residents think of the neighbourhood
By asking them about: homes, streets, parks, quality of amenities, community spirit, safety
G172: Deprived neighbourhoods
Almost all big cities have neighbourhoods where the quality of life is poor
Because of suburbanization people with well-paid jobs left the area
The residents who stayed didn’t have enough money and amenities went bankrupt
Crime also increased especially drug dealing
Residential areas became deprived neighbourhoods or problem neighbourhoods
G173: urban renewal
Urban renewal: upgrading and modernizing the residential areas in a city, so the quality of
life improves
1. Renewal of the homes and public spaces
2. Improving the environment by making it safer (more police, sport fields)
3. More opportunities for residents in terms of housing, work, education, healthcare
G174: better housing
You can improve houses in 2 ways:
1. Demolition and new build
- part or all of a neighbourhood is pulled down and new homes are built
- the new houses are often more expensive bought by people with money
- this results in a greater variety of residents which helps improve the character of a
neighbourhood
2. Renovation
- upgrading old houses so that they meet modern requirements
A special form of renovation is restoration -> repairing old, valuable buildings
G175: Gentrification
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