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Summary Revision guide of Law of Torts Module $12.61
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Summary Revision guide of Law of Torts Module
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  • Vak
  • Tort
  • Instelling
  • Queens University Belfast (QUB)

This detailed revision guide contains in-depth notes on the following modules: -human rights and tort law -negligence -duty of care -breach causation -defences and remedies -trespass -breach of statutory duty -occupier's liability -employers liability and vicarious liability -nuisance an...

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Document informatie

  • 14 maart 2023
  • 23
  • 2021/2022
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

  • defamation
  • causation
  • breach
  • revision guide
  • human rights
  • tort law
  • negligence
  • duty of care
  • trespass

Geschreven voor

  • Queens University Belfast (QUB)
  • Onbekend
  • Tort
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Law of Torts Revision Guide



Topic 1 - Human Rights and Tort Law
Topic 2 - Negligence
Topic 3 - Duty of Care
Topic 4 - Duty of Care: Public Bodies
Topic 5 - Breach
Topic 6 - Causation
Topic 7 - Defences and Remedies
Topic 8 -Trespass
Topic 9 - Breach of Statutory Duty
Topic 10 - Occupiers’ Liability
Topic 11 - Employers’ Liability and Vicarious Liability
Topic 12 - Nuisance and the Rule in Rylands v Fletcher
Topic 13 - Defamation
Topic 14 - Privacy




1

, Topic 1 - Human Rights and Tort Law
 The main rights in Tort Law:
o Right to life (Article 2) - Osman, Rabone
o Prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 3)- the “hooded men”
o Prohibition of slavery (Article 4 ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights)) -
Hounga
o Right to liberty and security (Article 5) - Lumba
o Right to a fair trial (Article 6) - Osman
o Right to private/family life, etc (Article 8) - Campbell, PJS
o Freedom of expression (Article 10) - Campbell, PJS
o Right to peaceful enjoyment of property/possessions (Art1, Protocol 1) - Marcic
 The key principles that underlie the ECHR:
o Legality of the rule of law
o Transparency and accountability
o Effectiveness, ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ obligations
o Proportionality
o Margin of appreciation
 Where a tort case engages a public authority as a defendant, the Human Rights Act 1998 will
apply


Topic 2 - Negligence
 Harms include:
o Personal safety
o Damage to property
o Economic loss
 Donoghue v Stephenson (1932) - general principle of negligence, Lord Atkin:
o ‘You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably
foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.’
Negligence Claim - The Key Steps

 Key Question: Should D be held responsible for the claimant’s loss?
o Does C have proof of damage?
 No, then D NOT liable in tort.
 Yes, then...
o Does D owe the claimant a duty of care?
 No, then D NOT liable in tort.
 Yes, then...
o Was D at fault?
 No, then D NOT liable in tort.
 Yes, then...
o Did D’s fault “cause” the claimant’s injury?
 No, then D NOT liable in tort.
 Yes, then D is liable.
o Any applicable defences; either full or partial?


2

, Psychiatric injury
 To claim for psychiatric injury, it must be a recognised psychiatric injury
 Hinz v Berry [1970]: ‘Damages are not awarded for the grief or sorrow caused by a person’s
death’.
 Not possible to recover for mere grief, anxiety, or distress under tort of negligence
 Perception of shock - this refers to a ‘sudden event’ which causes the C to go into ‘shock,’ must
be a sudden sensory perception
 Lord Ackner in Alcock [1992]
o ‘The sudden appreciation by sight or sound of a horrifying event which violently agitates
the mind’
Primary and Secondary Victims
 A primary victim is someone who was involved in the incident/accident, they were present and
more than a passive witness, usually physically injured or it was ‘reasonably foreseeable’ that
they could have been physically injured
 Now primary victim is used to refer to C who is in “zone of physical danger” and who were
“participants” in physical event that caused the psychiatric harm
 A secondary victim is a witness to an incident/accident and suffers psychiatric harm as a result
(not directly involved)
 To limit the number of claims and regulate recovery, the courts imposed additional control
mechanisms to make it more difficult to recover compensation
 Control mechanisms are set out in McLoughlin v O’Brian [1983] 1 AC 410
o Class of Persons
o The proximity of such persons to the accident
o The means by which the shock is caused
Class of Persons
 Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310
 ‘Close ties of love and affection’ between C and V
 Rebuttable presumption in case of spouses, parents, and children
 Decided on a case-by-case basis


Proximity of Persons to the accident
 Close in both time and space
 Did the C come upon the ‘immediate aftermath’?
 Lord Wilberforce: ‘to insist on direct and immediate sight or hearing would be impractical and
unjust.’
 ‘In every case the underlying and essential postulate is a relationship of proximity between
plaintiff and defendant…’ Lord Oliver
Means by which the shock is caused
 Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310
 The shock must come through sight or hearing of the event or its immediate aftermath
 Television coverage is considered in some cases

3

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