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Summary Human Biology - H15 $3.50
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Summary Human Biology - H15
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  • Module
  • Human biology
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  • Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

This summary Human Biology includes books, slides and lecture notes. Titles are clearly marked in color, and expressed figures are all included. The text is written in English. Good luck, it worked for me ;-)!

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  • July 10, 2016
  • 9
  • 2015/2016
  • Summary

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  • human biology

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  • Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
  • Psychologie
  • Human biology
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Chapter 15 : The Urinary System

The urinary system contributes to HOMEOSTASIS
Excretion = process that removes wastes and excess materials from the body (maintaining homeostatis of water and
solutes in our bodies). Kidneys = Key-organs !
Urinary system = Kidneys + Ureters + Urinary bladder + Urethra




Kidneys regulate WATER LEVELS
 ~60% of body weight, 2 ½ liters exch with env/day – produce 300 ml/day
 Input (food, metabol) MUST = output (urine, lungs, feces..) => kidneys can adjust water secr from ½l/day to 1l/h
Kidneys excrete/regulate NITROGENOUS WASTES AND OTHER SOLUTES
 Nitrogenous wastes from amino-acids : from metabolism of proteins => liberates ammonia (toxic to cells but
detoxificated by liver by combining it with CO2 => UREA + WATER).
 Excess ions : from food or metabolism of nutrients :
SODIUM & CHLORIDE => both important for volume of extracellular fluid like blood => Blood Vol affects Pressure.
POTASSSIMUM, CALCIUM, HYDROGEN => regulate excretion of these to maintain homeostasis of each one.
 Traces of other substances : excreted in PROPORTION to their productionrate/day. eg CREATININE (waste product
of metabolism of creatine phospate = energy source in muscle), waste products that give urine the yellow color.
Creatinine levels in blood & urine used to calculate „creatinine clearance“ (CrCl)  index of glomerular filtration rate
GFR = Clinically important parameter of renal function

Organs of the urinary system

KIDNEYS = The principal urinary organs
At sides of vertebral column near posterior body wall, dark reddish-brown organ, fist-size, bean-shaped.
RENAL ARTERY + RENAL VEIN connect to AORTA + INFERIOR VENA CAVA. Main parts :
 Medulla : inner piramyd-shaped zones of dense tissues ‘renal piramyds’
 Cortex : outer zone
 Renal pelvis : hollow space inside => urine collected after formed.
 Nephrons : long, thin, tubular structures in cortex & medulla
 Collecting duct : common final sections of the nephrons => urine delivered to renal pelvis.

URETERS transport urine to the bladder
Renal pelvis => Ureter = muscular tube, transports urine to bladder by Peristaltic waves of smooth muscle contraction
(every 10-15 secs) along ureters (25cm) to bladder.
URINARY BLADDER stores urine
Three layers of smooth muscle, lined at inside with epithelial cells. Can hold 600-1000 ml but women have smaller

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