This summary Human Biology includes books, slides and lecture notes. Titles are clearly marked in color, and expressed figures are all included. The text is written in English. Good luck, it worked for me ;-)!
Chapter 16 : The Reproductive Systems
MALE reproductive system delivers sperm
Testes produce sperm
Scrotum : Before birth, testes descend in scrotum (smooth muscle) => Testes at low temp by contracting/relaxing.
Seminiferous tubules : inside testes, produce immature sperm => Join as “EPIDIDYMIS” (duct just outside testes)
(Epididymis joins) Ductus deferens : Here, sperm become motile & stored => transports sperm to Ejaculatory duct.
Contractions of smooth muscle propel sperm further ; Ejaculatory duct => Urethra => Penis (erectile tissues)
Accessory glands help sperm survive
Semen = [sperm + secretions for protection (from seminal // prostrate // bulbourethral glands)]
Sperm are not mixed with seminal & prostate fluids until moment of ejaculation !
Seminal vesicles : FRUCTOSE (carbohydrate, energy for sperm) & PROSTAGLANDINS (induce muscle contractions
in female to help sperm travel) & MOST SEMINAL FLUID (60%)
Prostate gland : secretes WATERY ALKALINE FLUID to raise vaginal pH temp from 3-4 pH (too acidic) to 6pH.
Bulbourethral gland : MUCUS in urethra => cleanses urethra & lubricates for intercourse.
Sperm production requires several CELL DIVISIONS
Cell divisions (mitosis & meiois) in TUBULES, to go from SPERMATOGONIA (undifferentiated cells, around surface of
tubules = diploid cells) to SPERM (= haploid gametes) :
Spermatogonia (2n) => Primary spermatocyte (2n) (MITOSIS) => Secondary spermatocyte (n) (MEIOISIS) =>
Spermatids(n) (MEIOSIS) => mature slowly to become sperm (n)
Sertoli cells : seminiferous tubules =>provide support, nourishment during cell division.
Mature sperm cell = HEAD (dna) + ACROSOME (head cap with enzymes to help sperm penetrate) + TAIL + MIDPIECE
(mitochondria, gives tailenergy).
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