Covering Prosocial and helping behavior, a range of theories and studies in this area, how prosocial we are, social norms, how we’ve been brought up, age, sex, religious beliefs, levels of empathic concern or egotistical tendencies, and how the presence of others inhibits helping.
MACHINE LEARNING
Computers vs. Humans
- Relationship between computing and psychology
Computers: do exactly what they are told, but hardly anything else
Can computers be made to learn from their environment? – no more programming!
Can we get computers to adapt to new situations? Improve with experience?
‘Thinking machines’
- Knowledge acquisition
o Increasing a database of knowledge
o Piaget’s ‘what’ stage: computers have perfect memories, they don’t forget
(loose information), exact (no confabulation, filling in, elaborating)
- Skill enhancement
o Problem solving, dealing with new or unknown situations by relying on
knowledge and strategies
o Piaget’s ‘how to’ stage
- Expert systems
o Creating a machine which has: a perfect memory ‘database’, deduction and
inference of the human with AI, the best of both worlds
How will we know when a machine is intelligent?
Alan Turing 23 June 1912-7 June 1954
- Alan Turing’s logic engines were the precursor of modern computers we use today.
His essays outlined how a computer would work
- In 1954, homosexuality was illegal. Turing was given a choice between imprisonment
or to undergo hormonal treatment. He committed suicide
- The Turing Test 1950
o How can we determine intelligence in machines? If a language knows
sufficient language to pass as human, it can be deemed intelligent
- The Loebner Prize
o Established in 1997 by Hugh Loebner
o A prize for the first machine to pass the Turing test
o No computer has yet passed the test
o Chatterbots or chatbots: Eliza 1966: used database and set of fixed phrases,
based on Rogerian therapy methods – repeats client’s last phases as a
question, requires little understanding
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