Summary
Summary English Language and Text I - grammar
- Course
- Institution
Kader-summary of all videos (tense and aspect + modality) in the Taal en Tekst I course - semester 2
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
geertjehutsebaut
Reviews received
Content preview
ETT1 Geertje Hutsebaut 2023ENGELS T&T – DEEL 1
GRAMMAR
SAMENVATTING
TENSE AND ASPECT
INTRODUCTION TO TENSE
Tense and aspect
What is tense?
= location of situation/action/event in time, in relation to speech situation
= moment of utterance & moment of interpretation - spoken = identical = temporal zero point (t0)
= now
= moment of speaking
- written = different
Absolute vs. relative tense
- Past
- Present perfect
- Present
- Future
= in absolute tens or relative verb form (point of reference)
Absolute tense
= interpreted directly in relation to t0 - Past
- Present
- Present perfect
- Future
Establish a new temporal domain ‘when did it take place? Past, present future?’
- I started working at the supermarket over the summer three years
ago, and I’ll continue to do so until my graduation.
- My aunt lived in France for a few years.
- I will clean my office later this week.
Has no explicit information about the relationship with other verbs
Present tense: present use
= situation in present = at/around t0
- characteristics and - I can’t roll my tongue into a tube shape.
facts
- eternal truths - Swans usually mate for life, although ‘divorce’
sometimes occurs.
- on-the-spot events - Ramos passes a penalty to Benzema, and
Benzema scores.
Present continuous = in progress at t0 - I’m listening to my favourite podcast.
- I’m reading a book by Verginia Woolf.
Present tense: past use
= present verb to refer to something in past
- acts of verbalisation/cognition still relevant at t 0 - I hear your father’s going to retire soon.
- I see you had a haircut.
- In her letter, she writes that she’s never been
happier.
- historic present - Then he grabs me by the collar and hits me in the teeth, and I pull a strand
of his hair out.
- newspaper headlines and captions - Meghan reveals her new spotify podcast.
- Margaret Keane, ‘big eyes’ artist dies aged 94.
,ETT1 Geertje Hutsebaut 2023
- synopses - Peter Parker asks Dr. Strange to make his identity a secret again following
its public revelation. When the spell goes wrong, the multiverse is broken
open.
- historical summaries - 13 June 1944: Germany launches the
first V1 bomb attack on England.
- 13 June 2018: Volkswagen is fined
one billion dollars over the emissions
scandal.
Present tense: future use
Present-meaning future is accompanied by future contextual element
Present simple = unalterable facts = already certain at t0
= beyond the speaker’s control
- calendar events - This year, my birthday falls on a Tuesday
- timetabled - My train home leaves at 5.07pm.
actions
- definite - She starts her new job at the end of April.
arrangements
Present continuous = present plans = planned at t0, but less definite than present simple
= within subject’s control
- We’re having dinner with my brother tonight.
- I’m taking the car to work tomorrow because of the train
strike.
Obtain a word in future
Past tense
= situation located entirely before t0
- with contextual element Explicitly mentioned Implicitly mentioned
- Where were you last Monday? - Did you see Springsteen in
Werchter?
- focus on another aspect - Why did you feel the need to tell her - Who let the dogs out?
of past situation that?
- contrasted with present - I was a lazier student in high school than I am now.
Present perfect tense
= covers timespan started before t0 and leads up to t0 = pre-present domain
- with contextual - ever & never - Have you ever been to the United States?
element - already & yet - Some of the students haven’t finished the novel
yet.
- since adverbials - I have been working at the KU Leuven since 2016.
- first, second etc. time - This is the third time NATO has assumed military duties in a region outside
Europe.
- which timespan? - Have the kids had dinner yet?
- My parents have already visited Miami.
- two subtypes - continuative perfect
- indefinite, existential or occurrential perfect
Continuative perfect
= habit/situation started in past and gone up until t 0 - They have lived/have been living in this
neighbourhood for at least ten years.
- He has been unemployed for four months now.
- She has always been a shy, introspective
person.
Indefinite, existential or occurrential perfect
= within time period started in past and runs until t 0, - This is the first time I’ve taken a plane.
something has occurred at least once - Have you ever tried ayahuasca?
= resultative = situation took place in past, focus on - My baby brother has learnt to walk.
present result - The athlete has injured his shoulder.
, ETT1 Geertje Hutsebaut 2023
Intermezzo: Present perfect vs. past tense
Present perfect Past tense
- She has been under treatment for hypertension for - She was under treatment for hypertension for
two years. two years.
Ongoing Closed off action
Future tense
= something occurs in period starting from t 0
- will + infinitive - The weekend will be warm and sunny.
- I can’t talk now, but I’ll give you a call tomorrow.
- will + be + -ing form In - This time tomorrow, I’ll be attending a show by my favourite band.
progress
Casual - Will he be bringing his new boyfriend to the party?
plan - We’ll be hanging out at Rose’s tomorrow. Care to join us?
- be going to + infinitive = future situation can be predicted at t0
< agent has planned something - They’re going to kill me.
- What is Biden going to do?
< current knowledge or evidence - He looks as though he’s going to burst
into tears.
- It’s clear that out lawn isn’t going to
survive this dry spell.
Immediate future - be about to + infinitive - I’m about to kick your ass.
- be on the point of + ing - They’re on the point of having a baby.
- be on the verge of + ing - Scientists are on the verge of creating an emotionally
intelligent computer.
- be to + infinitive = official future, imposed by - After his visit to Iraq, the Pope is to visit more countries
outside actor in the Middle East.
- British barbers are to be given mental health training.
Relative tense
= interpreted indirectly in relation to other situation - other verbs in sentence are subject
(in absolute verb that determines temporal domain) to AV
= time of orientation (TO)
Three relationships with AV - anteriority = RV (relative verb) before AV (absolute verb)
- simultaneity = RV at same time as AV
- posteriority = RV after AV
Remains within same temporal - She told me that she had made a terrible mistake.
domain - He promised that he would come back after a year.
Past domain
Past domain = absolute past tense - They found a mysterious box hidden
(simple/continues) under the floorboards.
- I was struggling to make ends meet.
- anteriority = past perfect - We returned home after we had
cleaned the holiday cottage.
- My grandpa told me how he saved
someone from drowning during the
war.
- simultaneity = past tenses - The murderers mistakenly believed
they featured in the victim’s last will.
- She said she was deeply
disappointed in me.
- posteriority = ‘future-in-the-past’
- would - Several members believed the world
would end soon.
- was/were to - Stanton heard rumours that he was
(arrangements) to be replaced by a younger news
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller geertjehutsebaut. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.04. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
72042 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now