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Summary Skilled Interpersonal Communication - Hargie
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Full summary of skilled interpersonal communication from Hargie, used in the course of interpersonal communication at VU
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College aantekeningen & aantal hoofdstukken Interpersonal Communication
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1- Features of IPCHumans have a fundamental, powerful and universal drive to interact with one other. The presence of another is arousing
and motivating → influences our behaviour → process: Compresence.
Social facilitation effect: Another person’s presence changes our behaviour and tends to make us more prosocial.
Sociation: innate need for relationships with others. → 3 core types of psychological need have been identified:
competence, relatedness, and autonomy. → to satisfy all needs, need an effective repertoire of interpersonal skills.
The essence of communication is the formation and expression of identity → Interpersonal being aspect of self shapes
who we are. Communication represents the essence of human condition.
Social skill deficit hypothesis contrast: The greater their ability in this regard, the more satisfying and rewarding the
existence. Cope better with stress, adjust better to life transitions, higher self-efficacy, greater satisfaction in relationships,
more friends.
Interactive skill have prophylactic effect: socially competent people are resilient to ill effects of life crises.
Individual needs to be pay attention to social capital: benefits that accrue from being socially skilled. - can be regarded as
accumulated asset with IPC as key factor that determines the value.
Our lives are a direct reflection of the quality of the communication in them.
Defining features of IPC
2 central themes at the core of communication
Intersubjectivity: striving to understand others and being understood in turn
impact: extent to which a message brings about a change in thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
Interpersonal communication is a process that is inevitable, purposeful, transactional, multi-dimensional, and irreversible.
IPC is a process
Requires at least two contributors who are involved in an ongoing and dynamic sequence of events, in which each affects
and is affected by the other in a system of reciprocal determination.
Communicators - people involved in interaction.
Message - content of communication, whatever is wished to be shared.
Channel and medium - which connects interlocutors and accommodates the medium.
Vocal-auditory - speech
gestural-visual - NVC
chemical-olfactory - smell
cutaneous-tactile - touch
presentational media (body)
representational media (art)
technological/mechanical media (phone)
Media richness: wealth of information they carry.
Differences between telephone and FTF:
phone has more filled pauses (vocal fillers)
vocal indicators provide feedback to the speaker in an ongoing but non-intrusive way
1- Features of IPC 1
, interactions are briefer by phone
formality is reflected by asking more questions over the phone
easier to refuse a request over the phone
VMC (video-mediated communication) - communicate instantly without time, inconvenience and expense involved in
travelling; perception and understanding of social cues are weakened due to set angle → much social information is
lost.
Meanings in interaction are embedded within the immediate environment.
Be wary of over-rating technology and under-rating ‘the human moment’.
Code - system of meaning shared by group - signs and signals
Noise: interference with the success of communicative acts that distorts or degrades the message so that the
meaning taken is not that intended.
Feedback - sender can know how much the message is successfully received its impact.
Context - powerful influence on interaction and its outcomes: physical, social, chronological, temporal, and cultural.
IPC is inevitable
One cannot not communicate.
Intention of shared meaning, perceived by recipient, executed with conscious understanding and accomplished by
means of shared arbitrary code.
Nonverbal behaviour - informative > communicative.
IPC is purposeful
Communication is conducted to make something happen - to achieve a goal.
Adjusted performance presupposes the possibility of selection and choice amongst alternative courses of action →
Strategic enterprise.
IPC is transactional
Transactional conceptualisation that stresses dynamic interplay and the changing and evolving nature of the process.
IPC is multi-dimensional
Messages exchanged are seldom unitary or discrete.
Content has to do with substantive matters - from the topic of the conversation.
Relationship between the interlocutors:
identity projection and confirmation
Complex of nonverbal behaviour and characteristics, interactors work at designing the message they send about
themselves. who and what they are and how to be received and reacted to by others.
Identity is formulated and evolves as a result of our interactions.
Impression management and self presentation: Process of behaving in such a way as to get others to ratify the
particular image of self being presented.
Individual characteristically engage not only in self-focused framework but are careful not to invalidate the face being
presented by the interlocutor.
relationship negotiation
Help determine how participants define their association → Affiliation, dominance, intensity, power.
1- Features of IPC 2
, IPC is irreversible
Once something is said, it cannot be takes back.
Once its in the public domain, it cannot be re-privatised.
1- Features of IPC 3
, 2 - Conceptual model of IPC
The activity is conceptualised as a form of skilled performance → when two people interact as a learned
process that is undergirded by perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioural operations, which functions
within and influenced by contextual frameworks.
→ Directed by the desire to achieve particular goals and accomplished by ongoing monitoring of personal,
social, and environmental circumstances.
Communication as interpersonal skill
Macro-elements of social encounters in terms of reciprocation between participants.
Interpersonal skill: process in which the individual implements a set of goal-directed, interrelated,
situationally appropriate social behaviour, which are learned and controlled.
Transactional: ongoing verbal and nonverbal exchange of collaborative meaning-making.
Goal-directed: goals are behaviours the individual employs to achieve a desired outcome, and thus
purposeful. It motivates and navigates the interpersonal process. Distinction is made between
individuals’ conscious awareness of the goal and their comparative lack of consciousness of how to
achieve. In learning new skills, four stages:
unconscious incompetence: oblivious to the lack of skill, and overestimate true ability → Dunning-
Kruger effect.
conscious incompetence
conscious competence
unconscious competence (without thinking about it anymore)
Skill involved the ability to formulate appropriate goals, it necessitates being able to successfully
implement them in practice.
Interrelated: coordinated to achieve a particular goal
situation appropriate: employ context-appropriate behaviour - contextual propriety. Interlocutors have
to spend time establishing one another’s agenda and agreeing on mutual goals for the encounter to
adjust and adapt their responses accordingly.
units of behaviour: judge their skill on how they behave. Skilled responses are hierarchically
organised that large elements are composed of smaller behavioural units.
learned: communication is central to the development of cognitive abilities. modelling and imitation of
the behaviour of others, combined with their reinforcement.
cognitive control: Skilled behaviour involves implementing behaviours at the most apposite juncture.
When to employ behaviour is just as crucial as what these behaviours are and how to use them. →
four key stages in learning skills:
Observation
Emulation
Self-control
2 - Conceptual model of IPC 1
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