- Benefit-cost analysis: effects of a plan measured quantitative or qualitative
Stage V: obtaining feedback
Eight elements of leading and managing change:
1. Identify a need for change
2. Create a team to lead and manage the change
3. Create a vision of the change and a strategy for achieving the vision
4. Communicate the vision and strategy for change and have the change team be a role model
5. Encourage innovation and remove obstacles to change
6. Ensure that short-term achievements are frequent and obvious
7. Use successes to create opportunities for improvement in the entire organization
8. Reinforce a culture of more improvement, better leadership, and more effective
management
Ch 2 – Product costing concepts & systems
Total costs = direct costs + indirect costs (same: overhead/burden)
Accrual cost: historical measure of value of resources
Opportunity cost
Variable vs. committed costs (policies/contractual obligations)
Fixed costs: matter of scale of decision-making
Sunk cost: historical price paid, often in accrual cost
Product cost: historic cost of product (inventory, re-sell)
If it’s not a product costperiod cost
Gross margin ratio = (sales turnover / cost of sales) / sales turnover
Return on sales ratio = operating income (gross income - expenses) / sales turnover
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