These lecture notes look at aggregate demand within macroeconomics. It also mentions the AD-AS Model which is essential with this topic. These notes include key definitions and in depth descriptions about this topic including graphs to aid understanding.
Aggregate Demand
1. Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an
economy at a given time, measured by the total amount of money spent
by consumers, businesses, and the government on final goods and
services.
2. Components of Aggregate Demand: There are four main components of
aggregate demand:
Consumption (C): The amount of money spent by households on goods
and services.
Investment (I): The amount of money spent by businesses on capital
goods, such as machinery and equipment, and on construction projects.
Government Spending (G): The amount of money spent by the
government on goods and services, such as infrastructure, healthcare,
and education.
Net Exports (NX): The difference between the value of exports and the
value of imports.
3. Factors that Influence Aggregate Demand: There are several factors that
can influence aggregate demand:
Changes in consumer confidence: If consumers feel confident about
their prospects, they are more likely to spend money, increasing
aggregate demand.
Changes in interest rates: Lower interest rates can encourage borrowing
and spending, increasing aggregate demand.
Changes in government spending: Increases in government spending can
directly increase aggregate demand, while decreases can decrease it.
Changes in exchange rates: A weaker currency can make exports more
competitive, increasing net exports and aggregate demand.
Changes in taxes: Lower taxes can increase disposable income,
encouraging consumption and increasing aggregate demand.
4. Aggregate Demand and Economic Growth: In the short run, an increase
in aggregate demand can lead to increased economic growth and
employment. However, if aggregate demand grows too quickly, it can
lead to inflation. In the long run, the level of aggregate demand is
determined by factors such as productivity, population growth, and
technology, which affect the economy's potential output.
5. Shifts in Aggregate Demand: A shift in aggregate demand refers to a
change in the level of aggregate demand at every price level. Shifts can
be caused by changes in any of the factors that influence aggregate
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