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Unit 11C Genetics and Genetic Engineering Grade Achieved Distinction
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Unit 11c genetics and genetic engineering grade achieved D. Distinction Assignment C
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UNIT 11: Genetics and Genetic EngineeringLearning Aim C: Explore the principles of inheritance and their application in predicting
genetic traits:
C.P4: Carry out investigations to collect and record data for mono and dihybrid phenotypic
ratios.
C.P5: Explain genetic crosses between non-affected, affected and carriers of genetic
conditions.
C.M4: Analyse data to explain the correlation between observed pattern of monohybrid
and dihybrid inheritance.
C.M5: Apply Mendel’s laws of inheritance to the results of genetic crosses.
C.D3: Make valid predictions on patterns of monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance and
variation using principles of inheritance.
C.P4: Carry out investigations to collect and record data for mono and dihybrid phenotypic
ratios.
Monohybrid inheritance:
Monohybrid inheritance is a type of inheritance which is
involved with only one gene in order to pass it to the next
generation. This can be determined using a Punnett Square. A
Punnett Square shows the probability of combinations of alleles
that an offspring can have.
Monohybrid crosses:
In a monohybrid cross there are two types of alleles. The
dominant allele is usually represented by a capital letter, whilst
the reccessive allele is represented by a lowercase letter. A
dominant allele is able to express its genotype withiout the
presence of the recessive allele. A recessive allele is not able to Kennisgeving voor omleiding (no date). Available at:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i.
express its genotype when the dominant alle is present. All the
alleles in this type of cross are heterozygous (different alleles)
for a particular gene. Monohybrid crosses can be represented like this: Y-black and y-silver. To find
out all the possible probabilities of the phenotypes that an offspring can have, we need to list all the
genotypes and then calculate the phenotypic and genopyic ratios. In this instance, the monohybrid
cross is used to express the colour of different buttons: black and silver. The black colour button is
dominant so it should be expressed as (Y). The silver colour button is recessive so it should be
expressed as (y).
A punnet square for the monohybrid cross:
Gamete Y y
Y YY Yy
y Yy yy
, In this monohybrid cross, the genotypic ratio is 1YY:2Yy:1yy. Therefore the phenotypic ratio for this
monohybrid cross is 3 black: 1 silver.
Dihybrid inheritance:
Dihybrid inheritance is a type of inheritance in which two separate
genes express two different characteristics or the same characteristic
across generations. In this type of inheritance, we are able to calculate
the probability of the offspring inheriting different genotypes and
phenotypes. Also, these are used for expressing which alleles are
dominant and which are recessive.
Dihybrid crosses:
In a dihybrid cross, there are four types of alleles. In this case, there
Zhtutorials (2022) Dihybrid inheritance -
are two characteristics that an offspring can inherit: the colour and the inheritance EP 3, Zoë Huggett Tutorials. Available
shape. Here, Y is expressed for the dominant black colour button at: https://zhtutorials.com/2022/03/05/dihybrid-
inheritance/ (Accessed: November 15, 2022).
whereas y is expressed for the recessive silver colour button.
Additionally, S is expressed for the dominant square shape and s for
the recessive round shape. Therefore, the dihybrid cross will be represented as:
A punnet square for the dihybrid cross:
Gamete YS Ys yS ys
YS YYSS YYSs YySS YySs
Ys YySs YYss YySs Yyss
yS YySS YySs yySS yySs
Ys YySs Yyss yySs yyss
The Progeny of the Dihybrid Cross:
Phenotype Genotype Fraction ratio of phenotype
Black colour, square shape YYSS, YySS, YYSs, YySs 9/16
Black colour, round shape YYss, Yyss 3/16
Silver colour, square shape YySS, yySs 3/16
Silver colour, round shape yyss 1/16
C.P5: Explain genetic crosses between non-affected, affected and carriers of genetic conditions.
Genetic crosses are the crossing of different genes. If a
recessive gene has the disease, it will not be able to show
its effect in heterozygous conditions. For example, the gene
with haemophilia is an X recessive gene. Therefore, a cross
between XH X and XH Y genotype will result in XH XH, XH Y,
XH X, and XY. By taking this into account, the crosses can be
manipulated as follows:
Non-affected: In this particular cross, XY and XX
individuals are not affected by the haemophilia
because they do not carry that gene. This suggests (no date) Google. Google. Available at:
https://www.google.fr/webhp?sourceid
that the offspring that they produce will not have
%3Dchrome-instant%26ion%3D1%26espv
haemophilia. %3D2%26ie%3DUTF-8 (Accessed: November 16,
2022).
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