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summary week 1 EE&GL CH2203

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summary week 1 emerging economies and global labour CH2203

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  • March 22, 2023
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Summary week 1 Emerging Economies and Global Labour CH2203


Lecture 1
Globalization, what it brought. Heckscher-Ohlin and other Theories on World Trade
 Most spectacular development visualized in the graph




 For the first time, the majority of the world population is no longer extremely poor
 Only Africa is lagging behind, but a positive development is also underway there
 That is a great improvement!
 Has enormous economic, social, and political implications
 Some consequences are problematic, but nonetheless great.
Paul Krugman 1995
 Wrote a huge article: ‘Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences’
 Super trading economies: countries whose 1990 exports exceeded 50% of GDP
o Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands
 Theoretically impossible since the non-tradable sector always is over 60% of GDP
o Possible because GDP is the total added value in a country during a year
o Trade is the absolute value of the exported goods and services
 Exports can be much higher than 50% of the GDP when a substantial part of its value
is imported
 Consequently: the value added in the exporting country is only a part of the export
value

,  Krugman thought it a new phenomenon
 Caused by cutting up production chains
o Nowadays: International Value Chains
o Causes: for every step in the production chain again a decision is made as to
where it will be produced
Super-trading economies
 Term never used anymore, but nowadays many more countries in that category
 National economy is, apart from the non-tradable sectors, nothing but a series of
mutually unrelated links in international value chains
o A country does not so much produce this or that
o A country has some functions in international productions chains
 Production more and more internationalized
 The question is why?
Not completely new
 Since 1863, the Netherlands already had an export of over 60% of its GDP!
 Reason exactly the same
 The Dutch supplied the emerging German industry just across the border with
imported, slightly improved raw materials
 Limited added value in the Netherlands
 Export enormous
 Transport costs low: rhine barging
Why did trade increase so much?
 Essential: much lower transport costs
 Jan Tinbergen: gravity model of international trade
 Tij = A (YixYj / Dij)
o Predict bilateral trade between two countries
o Indicators: GDP and distance
o I and J: countries
o T: trade flow
o A: given constant
o Y: size of the economy (GDP) of each country (multiplied)
o D: the distance between the countries
 The multiplication of the national incomes is divided by distance

,  Distance, has a decreasing effect on trade, the formula says
 In fact, not distance but trading cost do
We actually need new statistics
 International trade in absolute value results in strange impressions
 Netherlands 5th-7th exporting country in the owlrd
 Value-added of exports much smaller
o Over 60% of the export value is imported
o Is the case for more and more countries
 Emerging economies: often started with automotive or electronics assembly lines
o Enormous export value: the exported products are valuable
o However, these countries imported almost all parts of these products
o Added value in these countries is much smaller than the export value
Cost of transnational trade
 Breaks down into a number of costs categories:
o Costs arising from political and institutional regulations
o Protectionism
o Governmental regulation on safety, health etc.
o Transport costs
o Costs due to cultural differences
 These costs have fallen significantly since the 1970s
 Costs of cultural differences difficult to measure
Cuts in protectionism
 W. Max Corden (1927) came in 1971 with the concept of the effective rate of
protection
 Proven that effective protection is often much higher than the nominal rates
o In many tariffs system materials or semi-finished products have a low tariff
and final products a higher tariff
 Example: tariff on cars 10% of the value, raising the price from
€10.000 to €11.000
 Tariff on car parts in zero
 Auto parts are 80% of the car’s value
 The value of assemblage therefore rises from €2000 to €3000
o Effective protection is not 10% but: (3000-2000)/2000 = 50%

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