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Amy McLean-Banks
LLB First Year
2020
CRIMINOLOGY
Chapters 15 & 16
Key
Legislation
Case Law
Articles
Important
Definitions
Terms
CHAPTER 15
Introduction
- Van der Hoven stated that forensic criminology allows the criminologist to provide information to the courts
o Motives
o Cause
o Possible future prevention of criminal behaviour
- Forensic criminology = criminologist being an expert in the court
- However, the significance of the forensic criminologist in the criminal justice system has not been explored
o Reason
▪ Courts are unfamiliar with criminology as a science
o However
▪ Services of criminologist as expert witnesses in serious cases such as crimes of violence
should be used by the judicial system
o Criminologists still do not feature
Definitions
Criminology
- Studies
o Crime
o Criminals
o Victims
o Punishment
o Prevention and control of crime
- Role of criminologist
o Study crime
o To interpret and explain crime
Applied criminology
- When theory is put into action
Forensic criminology
- Type of applied criminology involving the scientific study of crime and criminals for the purpose of addressing
investigative and legal questions
- Thus when applied criminology is put to use in our criminal justice system can be defined as forensic
criminology
Correctional assessment phase
- Stage where criminologists presents similar aspects to those in the pre-sentence report including any relevant
aspects (personal, family and social background) associated with the offender’s behaviour pecurosrs, triggers,
causes and motives of crimes, offender characteristics and influences) that may determine the offender’s
personal needs, risks and responsiveness
1
,Amy McLean-Banks
LLB First Year
2020
Corrections phase
- Stage where the criminologist is effectively used in a multi-disciplinary team within the correctional
environment
- A multi-disciplinary team (criminologists and other experts) should always be sensitive and characteristics in
offenders such as must be taken in account
o Ethnic differences
o Religious denomination
o Political stance
Expert witness
- Witness who gives evidence designed to assist the court based on witness’s specialised training, study or
experience
Victim impact statement
- Report prepared by a criminologist to present an individualised, objective view of the victim to the court with
regard to the impact of the crime
Origin of Criminology
Bartol & Bartol
- Multi-disciplinary origin within sciences of
o Medicine
o Psychiatry
o Criminal anthropology
- Many disciplines are involved in the collection of knowledge about criminal action including
o Psychology
o Sociology
o Psychiatry
o Anthropology Physiognomy
o Criminal anthropology - Physical
o Biology appearance
o Neurology
o Political science Phrenology
o Economics - Study of shape and
size of cranium
Wolfgang
- Identifies the origin from
o the early work of Della Porta and Lavater regarding physiognomy
o Gall and Spurzheim
o Others in field of phrenology
- While studies did not focus directly on criminal behaviour
o Did occasionally make reference to the criminal
Focus all formed the early development of criminology
- The research of Pinel, Esquirol, Rush, Prichard, Ray and Maudsley
o On moral insanity
- The research of Despine and Morel
o On morel degeneracy
- The research as to Lombroso’s contribution on the born criminal and criminal types
2
, Amy McLean-Banks
LLB First Year
2020
Contemporary American criminology originates from work of
- Guerry
- Quetelet
- De Champneuf
o Of the cartographic school of the 19th century
- Tarde’s law of imitation
- Durkheim’s sociological determinism
- Environmental approaches of
o Ferri
o Garofalo
o Colajanni
“from medicine, clinical psychiatry and anthropology, as well as from ‘political arithmetic’ and positivistic attempts at
societal reconstruction developed the sympodial branches of criminology that today appear to be emerging as an
independent discipline”
3
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