Unit 4 - Laboratory Techniques and their Application
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Unit 4C - Explore manufacturing techniques and testing methods for an organic solid
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Unit 4 - Laboratory Techniques and their Application
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
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Unit 4 - Laboratory Techniques and their Application
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Unit 4C: Exploring manufacturing techniques
and testing methods for an organic solid
Introduction
I am a lab technician working in the research and development department within a
pharmaceutical company. One product the company makes is aspirin. I will produce a sample
and test the purity of the aspirin, this will help the company to make it more efficiently. I will
then compare the laboratory technique with the industrial process -which is used by the
pharmaceutical company – to manufacturing aspirin on a large scale.
Aspirin is medication that is used to reduce pain, fever and inflammation. This is used widely by
people everyday as a painkiller for muscle aches, headaches and common cold. Aspirin can also
be referred to as acetylsalicylic acid.
Like most medications, aspirin also has some side effects, they
include:
To reduce the side effects of aspirin, making sure to have a good diet that includes fresh fruits,
vegetables and fibre are important. To decrease the chemical damage the aspirin causes to the
stomach cells, make sure not to consume aspirin on an empty stomach and try eating some food
whilst having the aspirin.
For those people who may not be able to take aspirin due to possibly being allergic to it or suffer
from medical problems may have to try using Tylenol. Tylenol also is useable for children
whereas aspirin cannot be used.
Clinical trials are very important for researching new treatments for diseases. It can also be used
to detect, diagnose and reduce the chance of developing. It will allow the individuals carrying
out the trials to see exactly what works on humans and what doesn’t.
From the diagram above, we can see that the aspirin has two different functional groups within
it. The red part is the carboxylic acid group, the green part is the ester group and the blue part is
the phenyl.
,Above is the reaction that takes place to synthesise aspirin. We can see that salicylic acid and
acetic anhydride react together in the presence of a concentrated form phosphoric acid (sulfuric
acid can also be used) to act as the catalyst in this reaction. The acetic anhydride usually is the
excess reactant which makes the salicylic acid the limiting reactant, meaning that the total
amount of aspirin produced depends on the total amount of salicylic acid used in the reaction.
The salicylic acid turns into aspirin through esterification (which is a condensation reaction).
Aspirin is a polar molecule that contains dipole-dipole attraction bonds as well as an -OH
(hydroxyl) piece that is part of a carboxylic acid group.
Stage 1: Reflux
Equipment
- Reflux condenser
- Stand and clamp
- Spatula
- Water bath
- 250³ round bottom flask
- Bunsen burner
- Heat proof mat
- Tri-pod
- Water
- Weighing balance
- Glass rod
- Drying cabinet
- Concentrated sulfuric acid
- Pipette
- 2-hydroxybenzonic acid
- Buchner flask
- Ethanol
- 250cm³ beaker
- Ethanoic anhydride
- Goggles
- Gloves
- Lab coat
- Mask
- Small bowl
Risk assessment
Hazard Risk Precaution
Ethanoic anhydride Highly corrosive chemical Wear the correct PPE
and can burn skin and eyes (goggles and gloves). If
accidently eaten, wash out
mouth with water and seek
immediate medical attention
Ethanol Highly flammable liquid and Wear the correct PPE
vapour. Can cause damage to (goggles and gloves). Do not
organs if digested digest.
, 2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic Irritant, can cause chemical Wear the correct PPE (gloves
acid burns and intoxication if and goggles). Do not inhale
digested and wear a mask.
Bunsen burner Can burn your skin. Work with the Bunsen
burner carefully.
Glassware Can break and cut your skin Handle with care and keep
away from the edge of tables.
Water bath Very hot. If an individual Make sure gloves are worn
touch it, they could burn and to not touch the water
their hand bath whilst it is getting
heated.
Method
Your Bibliography: Edu.rsc.org. n.d. [online] Available at: <https://edu.rsc.org/download?ac=11402>
[Accessed 18 May 2022]. I got my diagram pictures and sources my method from this pdf document
online
1. Firstly, using the weighing balance, measure out 8g of ethanoic anhydride. Make sure to
tare the small bowl before measuring the mass out.
2. Then, pour this into a 250cm³ round bottom flask and add 3
drops of the concentrated sulfuric acid.
3. Collect 5g of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid using the weighing balance, then add this into the
mixture of ethanoic anhydride/concentrated sulfuric acid and gently swirl the flask after
each time you add the 2-hydroxybenzoic acid so it dissolves into the solution. Once all
the 2-hydroxybenzoic acid has been added there may be some solid at the bottom. This
isn’t something to worry about and is completely normal.
4. After that, connect a reflux condenser to the round bottom
flask and set up the equipment together like the diagram
shown on the right. Make sure to heat the water for
approximetely 15 minutes.
5. Once this is done, measure out 60cm³ of water into a 100 cm³
meter beaker and pour this into the mixture, then swirl to
ensure it has fully mixed together.
6. Leave the mixture to cool down for approximately 10 minutes.
After this, you should see that the crude aspirin starts to
crystallise. If no solid is showing, get the glass rod and scratch
the reaction flask like the picture below.
7. Take the crystals and put this into the drying cabinet and keep
it on until the mass stabilises Then turn the machine off.
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