100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Biological and Cognitive Psychology (P_BBIOCOG) - Exam grade 8.5 & 9.1 - (part 1&2)) $4.75
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  4.  
  5. Biologische & Cognitieve Psychologie (P_BBIOCOG)

Class notes

Biological and Cognitive Psychology (P_BBIOCOG) - Exam grade 8.5 & 9.1 - (part 1&2))

1 review
 4 purchases
  • Course
  • Biologische & Cognitieve Psychologie (P_BBIOCOG)
  • Institution
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  • Book
  • Physiology of Behavior, GE

These notes are compiled of lecture notes, as well as notes made on the readings. It includes many images, some of which I drew to try to make the description of processes clearer. Studying from these notes (and having gone to the lectures), I obtained a 8,5 on the midterm, and a 9.1 on the final (...

[Show more]

Preview 8 out of 56  pages

Document information

  • March 24, 2023
  • 56
  • 2022/2023
  • Class notes
  • Dr. dennis van 't ent and dr. richard godijn
  • All except for lecture 14 (long-term memory ii) and lecture 16 (language-cognitive)

Subjects

  • biocog
  • neurotransmission
  • psychopharmacology
  • working
  • structure and functions of cells in the nervous system
  • structure of the nervous system
  • vision cog
  • vision bio
  • attention cog
  • movement bio

Connected book

book image

Book Title:

Author(s):

  • Edition:
  • ISBN:
  • Edition:

More summaries for

  • Neuroscience Exam II Practice Questions with Key
  • Schizophrenia & Mood Disorders Practice Questions with Key
  • Anxiety & Stress Practice Questions with Key
All for this textbook (4)

Written for

  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  • Psychologie
  • Biologische & Cognitieve Psychologie (P_BBIOCOG)
All documents for this subject (52)

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: hr3 • 1 year ago

Seller

avatar-seller
soniacreichelt

Reviews received

Content preview

, Biological and Cognitive Psychology 222


Week 1 31.10: Introduction (Cog. & Bio.) Physiology of Behavior: 1
Cognitive Psychology: 1 & 2

02.11: Structure and Functions of Cells in the Nervous Physiology of Behavior: 2
System (Bio.)

Week 2 07.11: Neurotransmission and Psychopharmacology Physiology of Behavior: 2 & 4
(Bio.)

09.11: Structure of the Nervous System (Bio.) Physiology of Behavior: 3

Week 3 14.11: Vision (Cog.) Cognitive Psychology: 3

16.11: Vision (Bio.) Physiology of Behavior: 6

Week 4 21.11: Attention (Cog.) Cognitive Psychology: 4

23.11: Movement (Bio.) Physiology of Behavior: 8

Week 5 28.11: Working Memory & Visual Imagery (Cog.) Cognitive Psychology: 5 & 10

30.11: Sleep (Bio.) Physiology of Behavior: 9

Week 6 05.12: Long Term Memory I (Cog.) Cognitive Psychology: 6 & 7

07.12: Learning and Memory (Bio.) Physiology of Behavior: 13

Week 7 12.12: Long Term Memory II (Cog.) Cognitive Psychology: 8 & 9

14.12: Q&A

Week 8 23.12: Midterm Exam Part 1
Week 9 09.01: Problem Solving (Cog.) Cognitive Psychology: 12

11.01: Emotion/Stress (Bio.) Physiology of Behavior: 11 & 17

Week 10 16.01: Human Communication (Cog.) Cognitive Psychology: 11

18.01: Human Communication (Bio.) Physiology of Behavior: 14

Week 11 23.01: Reasoning and Decision making (Cog.) Cognitive Psychology: 13

25.01: Q&A

Week 12 31.01: Final Exam (Part 1 & 2)

,introduction
READINGS

chapter ^

↳
Neurogenesis :
generation of new neurons
particularly in
specific regions of the adult brain

↳
Plasticity : when networks of brain cells change through growth and reorganisation forming new


connections and circuits
-




ultimate function of the nervous system is behavior + control of movement



Goals of Research
↳
Generalization which
:
explanations as
examples of general laws , are revealed
through experiments
↳ Reduction : terms
explanations of complex phenomena in of
simpler ones



set of mechanisms will control the movement if activated of the brain
by different
parts
-


same even




Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience
-



Ancient world
-


heart to be the seat of thought and emotions

Philosophy
-




↳ the dual nature
Dualism : belief in of reality which,
means that mind and body are separate
↳ Monism : belief that everything in the universe consists of matter and
energy and that the mind is a Phenomenon

produced by the workings of the nervous e system
↳ Reflexes : automatic reaktions do not require participation of mind
-




↳ Descartes 's Model : link between human mind and physical housing which is the brain ; mind controls

movements of the body body supplies mind with information ; interaction takes
place in Pineal body
Behavioral neuroscientists take empirical monistic approach
-




,

-




Physiology
-



Johannes Miller (1807-2858)
↳
experimentally removed / isolated animals
organs ,
tested their responses to chemicals , and

otherwise altering the environment to see how organs would respond
↳ Doctrine of specific basic
nerve
energies :
although all nerves
carry the same
message
(electrical impulse) we perceive messages of different
nerves in different ways
-



Anatomy
-


Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
↳ animals
removed parts of observed their behavior
'

brains and

↳
Experimental Ablation :
observing what animals can no
longer do , after a brain
region was removed

the function of the
or
damaged ,
and
inferring missing part
-




Contemporary Research
new
techniques
-




↳ Cass
CRISPR -
: enables percise
editing of DNA ; enzyme Cass cuts out pieces of DNA paired with a


set of
replacement directions ( guide RNA)
↳
Epigenetics : focuses on roll of environment in the expression of genes

,Natural selection and Evolution

all of characteristics have functional significant's
organism's
-




an


structures inherited (brain) that behaviors
-

are cause

↳ Functionalism : that characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions
principle
Darwin s Theory which
adaptive characteristics
to
aimed
explain the by spices acquired their
-


means


↳ Natural selection : members of a
species were not all identical ; if an individual's characteristics

permit it to reproduce more successfully ,
some of the individual's
offspring will

inherit the favorable characteristics and will produce more
offspring →
specific
characteristics will then become prevelant that
more in
species
↳ Mutations: accidental
changes in the chromosomes of
sperm or
egg cells that
join together and

develop into a new
organism
Selective advantage beneficial mutations individuals then likely
→
: -



are more to live
,



long enough to reproduce


History

19th Century
-


1860 : Weber / Fechner's law

human
relating
↳
Psychophysics -




physical stimulus to how it effects a


-



1867 : Hermann von Helmholtz
↳ automatic
processes
↳ Nerve conduction
speed →
Physiological chronometry ( science of accurate time measures )
-


1868 : Fransiscus Cornelis Ponders
↳ Mental chronometry -
mental processes take time and this time can be measured through
Dondero 's subtraction Method
-

1879 : Wundt opened first psychology lab
1885
Ebbinghaus memory research
'
-

:


what is the time of forgetting?
↳
course

↳
savings curve :
memory drops rapidly for first two
days after the initial
learning and then levels off
1913 John B Watson
:
proposed behaviorism
-




.




↳
exclusively focused on behavior and learning
↳ stimulus -



Response psychology
( conditioned reflex")
↳ Dominant
paradigms classical conditioning
"

:


Operant conditioning ( reinforcement learning)
-

1948 : Edward Tolman
↳
experiment with rat

( turn right for food )
"


rat
"

→
does not learn a behavioral response
creates layout
"

the
"
-
☐
but a cognitive Map -




conception within the rat's mind of maze 's

,introduction




cognitive Psychology
specifically concerned with study of the mind
-




-




functional explanations ; process
models : stimulus →
processing by Mind → Reaction / behavior




Biological Psychology
study of
biological basis of the mind
-




Focus brain processes ; structural models
:
physical representations
-

on




Dondero subtraction Method
-




aims to estimate the duration of a mental process
-



Method
↳ create two identical tasks ✗ and not
one
involving one
-




↳ Measure reak.li on time in both tasks

↳ Subtract reaktion time , from Reaktion time ,




Example
-




go task
↳ GO / no & not the other
response only to color
-



one
-




RT task
↳
Simple always respond
-




↳ RT ( go / no ) -

RT (simple) = time needed to discriminate between colors
go
-




Problems :
depends assumptions about
stages and these being dependant
in
-




on




Behaviorism
-



focused on behavior and
learning only
-



Stimulus -




Response
Classical conditioning +
Operant conditioning
-




now been
changed to stimulus -




Organism (the mind)
-

Reaktion /Behavior


From Stimulus to Response in the Brain
Dorsal route
( where / how )
" "




Retina → Thalamus →
occipital lobe ☐ frontal lobe
±
☐
Premotor cortex
±
Ventral route primary motor cortex →
spinal chord
±
( what) effector ( limb /muscle)
"

, the Brain
studying
Double Dissociation : enables scientists to conclude that A and B served by
-




are


different mechanisms
↳
damage to one area of the brain causes function A to be absent while

function B is present
↳
damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A
is present
Brain imaging techniques
-




( electrode




{
↳
Electroencephalography (EEG) -



multiple electrodes cap) measure electrical

activity ; high temporal resolution (when something
direct
measurement
→ electrical activity
related to specific event happens) ; low spatial resolution (where in the brain the signals
coming from
are )

↳
Magnetoencephalography CMEG) measure
magnetic activity high temporal
-
-




,


resolution ;
high spatial resolution
allow scientists to derive Event related potentials (ERPs)



Indirect
↳
Positron emission
tomography CPET) -
tracks radioactive substance in blood
measurement
→ blood flow →
measures neural activity ,
via local blood

supply
Functional magnetic resonance
imaging FMRI) active brain regions attract blood
-




(need oxygen ) ;
high spatial resolution ; low temporal resolution oxygen reduction
↳


leads to change in magnetic properties
-




Temporal resolution :
showing when the activity occurs
-



Spatial resolution : showing where in the brain the activity is from
coming
Single cell
recordings : measures activation of few neurons in animals
patients
-




a or


under (
surgery highest spatial & temporal resolution)



Representation by Neurons

Specificity Coding : one neuron responsible for responding to specific object
-




one

↳ vulnerable + inefficient
→
Unlikely
Population Coding representation : of particular object by a pattern of firing
-




a


(Distributed coding) of a
large number of neurons → different patterns of same
↳ moreefficient
less vulnerable neurons in one
region
Sparse coding :
representation of
particular object by patterns of firing
-



a



of small number of
↳
more efficient a neurons
bit vulnerable




?⃝

,synchro and function of n e r ve cells
BIOLOGY




Bonding elements
↳ Ionic bond ( electrostatic force) : Plus attracts minus

↳ Covalent bond ( sharing of electrons forms molecules) : Elements want to have a full electron shell
☐
Hydrogen has 1 electron in the outer shell but wants a full outer shell (2)
,


electron hydrogen
{ each
hydrogen element gets one electron from
oxygen
-



Oxygen gets one from each


☐

Oxygen has 6 electrons in it 's outer shell and wants a full one (8)




Carbon chains
↳ Glucose (
Sugar) CGH v06
-




NHZ
Amino consists of
"


↳ Acid :
"

backbone Amino
"

group
-

it
,
µ
°


Acid / and a Rest which is
group Carboxyl group
-
c
, , µ c




different side chain for each amino acid
It
R
a ◦




↳ Protein : made up
of hundreds of Amino Acid backbones
↳
Peptides : short protein chains
°


Lipids
H


↳ fat ; chains
' H




long
H H


.
carbon
H c c c c a "
◦

H H
H H




Phospholipids
↳ fats bound with phosphate binds to water
↳ make
up the cell
membrane
at
water repellent
↳ carbon chains connected

by an extra
phosphate
(P)
group




Neuron
→
inside the Soma
1. Porous Neudeus allows mRNA

(
3
copies of DNA) to transport out into
•
the cytoplasm

2
2. Rough ER follows the mRNA to
produce
proteins (Neurotransmitters)
5
4
3.
Golgi Apparatus packs the proteins

into vesicles to be transported
4- Microtubules act as a road system for the transportation of the proteins

along the axon

5. Mitochondria ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate
produces
-
-




6. Lysosomes process wast and break down unused Neurotransmitters so they can be repurposed


kinesin : transport proteins from cell body ( Soma) to terminal buttons

Dynein transport
: of unused Neurotransmitters from terminal buttons to

Soma (→ Lysomes break down Proteins to re-use them)

, Glial Cells (supportcells)
act as nerve
glue
-




↳
Microglia:serve as a
partofthe immune system, by
protecting the brain from bacteria;engulfand
break down dead/dying Neurons (process called Phagocytosis)
Le
Macroglia
↳
Astocytes:provide physical structure (glia-glue);form a
layer around
synaptic cleft so thatNews transmitters

↑breakdown GABAonlygo to intended postsynaptic neuron;are able to break
through the blood-brain-barrier

&Glutamate;Phagocytosis and
supply the brain with
glucose;clear away debries from dead cells
↳
Oligodendrocytes:provide support to axon;produce myelin sheath in CNS

& Schwann cells:
produce mylien sheath PNS;a schwann cell onlyprovide mylien
in
single can


sheath for one cell



Membrane potential (any change difference across Membrane)
↳ Diffusion:due to random motion, particles will from with concentration
move
regions high to


regions with lower concentration (particles spread out)
L Electrostatics:ions with the same *
charge repel eachother (cation-ocation;Anions Anio
ions with different charges attractone another (Cation* Enion)
↳ Permiability:some molecules are able to
go through the cell membrane
↳ Fon channels:allow cell membrane
ions to
pass through
↳
Voltage dependantIon
-



channels:are only opened changes
by in membrane potential
↳
Sodium-Potassium-Pump: exchange Natfor K; pump 3 Na*(sodium Ions) to outside of
cell and

CK*(potassium Ions) to inside of
cell;high consumption of
ATP




Outside e -I I I >
I I I I I I




-
Inside a -
to maD




Action Potential
is
threshold of-55mV is
if reached, then action potential is generated
1.
Depolarisation -

Na"channels
open and goes into the cell
Nat




189
making itmore positive (less negative)
2.1 "channels begin to
open-K "flows of
out cell;counteracts
electrical effect
ofNatinflow




=
3. Refractory period -


Natchannels close, no new AP can be
generated
4.
Repolarisation -




keeps flowing
K+ outofcell;inside becomes negative
5. K channels close, Natchannels return to able to be opened
being
6. potential
Hyperpolarisation -
membrane becomes more
negative
Relative Refractory and graduallyreturns to resting state
through
Period) NatK*-Pump;onlyverystrong stimulus AP
can generate new

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller soniacreichelt. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $4.75. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

69052 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling
$4.75  4x  sold
  • (1)
Add to cart
Added