machine learning natural language processing nlp computer vision robotics expert systems neural networks deep learning reinforcement learning fuzzy logic genetic algorithms swarm intelligence bayesi
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Edinburgh Napier University (ENU)
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Artifical Intelligence (SET09122)
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1: Introduction to AI
Monday, 23 November 2020 14:14
1. What is artificial intelligence?
a. Thinking humanly
i. If it thinks humanly
1) How do human think?
a) Introspection - how am I thinking? What is making you think?
b) Psychological experiments - try and work out how people are thinking
c) Brain imaging - find out an imaging device to see how the brain is
acting when doing specific activities
ii. Cognitive science - brings together computer models and expeeriments from
psychology to figure out what is going on in the human mind
b. Thinking rationally
i. Aristotle - “Right Thinking” - deductive reasoning ( Socrates is a man, all men are
mortal, therefore, Socrates is mortal” -start of logic
ii. 1965 - programs written that could in principle solve any problem expressed as
logic
1) How can you write down logic ?
2) How to handle uncertainty?
3) How long will it take?
c. Acting humanly
i. Turing test -1950 (the imitation game) - decide if it can act like a human
1) Whether or not you can tell you are communicating with a computer or a
human
2) If you can fool the person that he is talking to a human then the test is
passed
d. Acting rationally
i. A rational agent is an agent that acts so as to achieve the bet possible outcome (or
with uncertainty, the best expected outcome)
1) Should get you the best results
2) May include rational thinking
3) Inspired or helped by thinking or acting humanly
4) Acting perfectly rationally not always possible due to amount of processing
needed
2. Contribution to AI:
a. Philosophy
i. Can formal rules be used to deal valid conclusion (Aristotle)?
1) One of the first people to add useful philosophy
ii. How does the mind arise from the physical brain (free will? Dualism, materialism)
1) Dualism - there Is my mind and there Is my brain
2) Materialism - there is only the brain and it seems that we have a mind
iii. Where does knowledge come form (empiricism, logical positivism)?
1) Empiricism- the only knowledge we can have from the world is the. One that
we can measure by out senses
2) Logical positivism - the only knowledge you can have is the one you can
prove through logic
iv. How does knowledge lead to action (or does the need for action lead to
thought?)?
b. Mathematics
i. What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
1) Various forms of logic and logical algebra
ii. What can be computed?
1) Theoretically, what can we actually calculate and how long might it take.
How doe the time to calculate change with the size of the problem?
iii. How do we reason with uncertain information?
1) Probability - how we can reason of the likelihood of something happening
2) Bayes’ Theorem - the probability of something happening given the fact that
something else has happen
c. Economics
i. How do we make decision? (As to maximise payoff)
ii. How should we do this when other might not go along?
1) They might not try to maximise (other agents) - competing
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, 1) They might not try to maximise (other agents) - competing
iii. How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future?
a) Often fails as to people try to get a quick payoff
1) Decision theory
2) Game theory -utility of randomised delicious - competitive
3) Operations research
4) Concept of satisfying - making a decision that is good enough
d. Neuroscience
i. How the brain worlds?
1) Brains have comparable processing power to the most powerful computer -
but work in very different ways
ii. A collection of simple cells can lead to though cation and consciousness - “brain
cause minds”
iii. Concept of having a neuron and having them connecting to one another is very
important
e. Psychology
i. How do humans and animals think and act
1) Problem of Catherine data - introspection - live human subjects
a) Ethic aspects to experiments
2) Behaviourism - studied stimulus and response (precepts and actions)
3) Cognitive psychology -seeing the brain as an information processing device
f. Computer engineering
i. Biggest
1) How can we build an efficient computer
a) Required the artefact (computer ) and intelligence
i) First operational computer was electromechanical - build by
Alan Turing’s team to crack German war codes
ii. Hardware is necessary to get the software
g. Control theory and cybernetics
i. Engineering
ii. How do you control machines
iii. First self-regulating device
iv. Control theory uses concept of “objective function”
v. Control theory and AI have similar roots but look at things differently
h. Linguistics
i. Important part
ii. How doe language relate to thought?
1) Requires knowledge about the world - Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana
iii. Language understanding and production requires knowledge about the wold,
about content not just about sentence structure
iv. Natural language processing is essential for modern intelligent interfaces such as
Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant and Cortana
Questions?
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