100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Summary Homeostasis and organ system (BBS1002) $9.06
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. Maastricht University (UM)
  4.  
  5. BBS1002 Homeostasis and organ systems (BBS1002)

Summary

Summary Homeostasis and organ system (BBS1002)

1 review
 8 purchases
  • Course
  • BBS1002 Homeostasis and organ systems (BBS1002)
  • Institution
  • Maastricht University (UM)

This document is a complete summary about what you need to know for BBS1002 exam. It describes all organ systems of the body. I got 7.8 at the exam with only that summary.

Preview 4 out of 82  pages

Document information

  • March 27, 2023
  • 82
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

Subjects

  • homeostasis
  • physiology
  • organ systems
  • the heart
  • digestive system
  • kidneys
  • lungs

Written for

  • Maastricht University (UM)
  • Biomedical Sciences
  • BBS1002 Homeostasis and organ systems (BBS1002)
All documents for this subject (14)

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: kyra06 • 1 year ago

Seller

avatar-seller
josphinemisonne

Reviews received

Content preview

HOMEOSTASIS & ORGAN SYSTEMS


1. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

a. DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM




The nervous system can be divided into multiple parts:

- Central nervous system (CNS) = brain, brainstem, and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = cranial nerves (carry impulses to and from the brain) and
the spinal nerves (carry impulses to and from the spinal cord)
→ Sensory division = impulses from receptors to the CNS
→ Motor division = impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
↘ Somatic = voluntary actions. Impulses to the skeletal muscles.
↘ Autonomic = involuntary actions. Impulses to the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
↘ Sympathetic = prepares the body for stressful or emergency actions.
↘ Parasympathetic = controls body process during ordinary situations.


1

,Sympathetic

- Anatomy: they are coming from the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
- Preganglionic nerves are very short and the postganglionic are very long.
- Function: catabolic, action, fight, and flight reactions.
- Pharmacology: uses noradrenalin as a neurotransmitter that is released by the post-ganglionic
neurons.

Parasympathetic

- Anatomy: bulbo (III, VII, IX, X) - brainstem and sacral (little vertebrae at the end of the spinal
cord)
- Preganglionic nerves (vagal nerves). On the end/target organs, there are small ganglia.
- Function: anabolic, rest and digest.
- Pharmacology: uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter that is released by the post-ganglionic
neurons.




2

, b. NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Somatic (motor neurons) = It comes from the brain and thanks to action potential it directly goes to
the neurons where acetylcholine is released.

Parasympathetic (to gut, heart and lungs) = long preganglionic and short postganglionic. Primary
neurotransmitter = acetylcholine. It then stimulates the postganglionic nerves that also released
acetylcholine. There are receptors for neurotransmitters on the organs that will respond.

Sympathetic = two methods:

- To adrenal medulla (on the top of kidney): by stimulating these glands using acetylcholine, it
releases adrenalin (80 – 90%) or noradrenalin (10 – 20%) into the blood.
- Neuronal communication using a two-neuron chain:
• Preganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine. Postganglionic neurons release either
noradrenalin (sweat gland) or acetylcholine (vessels, heart, and lungs)



c. RECEPTORS

Cholinergic system

Agonists:

- Acetylcholine = endogenous agonist that binds and activates both nicotine and muscarine
receptors.
- Nicotine = exogenous agonist that only binds and activates nicotine receptors.
- Muscarine = exogenous agonist that only binds and activates muscarine receptors.

Antagonist = a drug that binds to receptors and blocks their response.



Adrenergic system

Agonists:

- Noradrenaline = endogenous agonist that binds on alpha receptors (α1 and α2)
- Adrenaline = endogenous agonist that binds on beta receptors (β1, β2 and β3)
- Synthetic agonists = salbutamol (short-acting β2-agonist) and salmeterol (long-acting β2-
agonist). They are produced with a very similar structure to the natural one.

Antagonist = there are many drugs that bind to a specific receptor to block its response.




3

, d. ANS AND HEART

Parasympathetic nerve (vagal nerve) = travels the preganglionic to the heart and then the very small
postganglionic to the SA node (acetylcholine) and the AV node (noradrenaline). It doesn’t travel to the
ventricular myocardium. It only stays in the upper part of the heart.

Sympathetic nerve = acetylcholine is released until ganglia. It triggers the postganglionic nerve that
releases noradrenaline that travels to the SA node, the AV node and the ventricular myocardium.

Effects

SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
CRONOTROPIC (frequency) +++ ---
DROMOTROPIC (conduction) ++ --
INOTROPIC (force) ++ /
LUSITROPIC (relaxation) ++ /




e. SYMPATHETIC NERVES ON BLOOD VESSELS

- Blood vessels only have sympathetic nerves. They don’t have parasympathetic nerves.
- The sympathetic fibres do not end in a single synapse. There are multiple ones. If an action
potential comes, only 1/40 is activated and releases noradrenaline. This neurotransmitter will
then excite receptors on the smooth muscle (β1 or α1). When the smooth muscle is excited, it
constricts and the blood flows easily.
- Varicosities, spread over the smooth muscle layers, spreads the signal over a large area, but
act slowly and effects last long.




Noradrenaline works on the
extravascular side and adrenaline on
the intravascular side of the vessel.




4

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller josphinemisonne. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $9.06. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

69052 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling
$9.06  8x  sold
  • (1)
Add to cart
Added