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College notes (8-14) Natural Hazards (GEO2-4211)
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All lecture notes for the second exam (hc 8-14) of the Natural Hazards course.
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Summary Part 2 – Natural HazardsSummary Part 2 – Natural Hazards ............................................................................ 1
8. Cryospheric hazards............................................................................................ 2
What is the cryosphere? ......................................................................................... 2
Types of cryospheric hazards ................................................................................. 3
9. Space weather notes ......................................................................................... 11
The sun ................................................................................................................. 11
The earth’s magnetic field ..................................................................................... 12
The earth’s magnetic field ..................................................................................... 14
Space weather hazards ........................................................................................ 14
10. Drought and water scarcity notes ................................................................... 16
Human impacts on the water cycle ....................................................................... 16
Drought ................................................................................................................. 16
Water Scarcity ....................................................................................................... 17
11. Climate change and natural hazards .............................................................. 19
What is climate change? ....................................................................................... 19
Climate change and natural hazards .................................................................... 20
Climate change attribution .................................................................................... 20
12. Disaster risk reduction, governance, and adaptation ...................................... 22
Key concepts ........................................................................................................ 22
Illustrative case studies of governing disaster risk ................................................ 22
Reflections ............................................................................................................ 23
12.1 Disaster risk reduction, governance, and adaptation ................................... 23
Five types of FRM strategies ................................................................................ 23
13. Mass wasting .................................................................................................. 26
What are mass wasting processes ....................................................................... 26
Where do mass wasting processes occur? ........................................................... 27
How can we assess slope safety? ........................................................................ 28
How can we create hazard maps for landslides? .................................................. 30
Landslide mapping and monitoring ....................................................................... 30
14. Institutions and disaster management ............................................................ 31
What we know ....................................................................................................... 31
This paper ............................................................................................................. 31
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8. Cryospheric hazards
What is the cryosphere?
The word cryosphere is Greek: kryos, meaning cold and sphaira, meaning globe.
What is changing?
Glaciers (excluding Greenland and Antarctica)
• Glaciers are the component of the cryosphere that currently contributes the
most to sea-level rise
Sea Ice in the Arctic
• Sea-ice extent is declining
Ice Shelves and ice tongues
• Ice shelves of the Antarctic Peninsula have
continuously retreated and collapsed
• Some ice tongue and ice shelves are progressively thinning in Antarctica and
Greenland
, Ice Sheets
• The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have lost mass and contributed to
sea-level rise
Permafrost/Frozen Ground
• Since the early 1980s, permafrost has warmed by up to 2ºC and the
active layer – the top layer that thaw in summer and freezes in winter –
has thickened.
• Since mid-1970s, the southern limit of permafrost (in the Northern
Hemisphere) has been moving north.
Snow cover
• Snow cover declining
Lake and river ice
• The freezing duration has shortened
Types of cryospheric hazards
Permafrost
When -2 degrees (average) for two
consecutive years, it’s called
permafrost.
The active layer -> the layer that will
get warmer than 0 degrees.
15% of the Northern Hemisphere is
covered in permafrost.
Landscapes
Headwater regions: no/shallow organic soil, ± slopes & drainage
• Rockwalls
• High plateaus
• Taiga
Lowland regions: thick organic soil, flat, microtopography, big C stocks
• Polygonal tundra
• Peat plateaus
• Yedoma
Depends on:
• Climate
• Topography
• Soil
• Vegetation
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