Unit 12D - Understand how the human body responds to diseases and infections - Merit task
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Course
Unit 12 - Diseases and Infections
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
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Merit Task – Comparing the roles of specific and non-
specific defence mechanisms in the human body
Specific responses Non-specific responses
Key aspects T-cells Skin
B-cells Nose
Memory cells Tears
(See pass for more detail) Stomach
Phagocytosis
Histamines
(See pass for more detail)
Key - Antigen recognition – This is - Physical barriers – This
processes where specialised immune cells includes barriers such as
(T-cells and B-cells) can recognise the skin and mucous
specific antigens on the pathogen’s membranes – stopping the
surface. pathogen from entering
the body
- Clonal expansion – Once the
specialised immune cells recognise - Inflammation – This is the
the antigen, that immune cell will part of the non-specific
replicate itself into a large army of response that signals the
cells which can then be used to release of molecules such
target the pathogen. These are as cytokines and
then known as effector cells. chemokines. They help to
bring immune cells to the
- Effector functions – The effectors region of the infection and
cells (T-cells and B-cells) will then then kill the invading
eliminate the pathogen using pathogens.
various methods. For example, the
T-cell will produce killer T-cells - Phagocytosis – This is
that will produce cytotoxins which where immune cells will
will kill the pathogen and the B- engulf, breakdown and
cells will produce specific destroy invading
antibodies that will bind to the pathogens. Examples could
specific antigens on the pathogen be neutrophils and
and neutralise it. macrophages.
Similarities They both work to protect the body from invading pathogens and
infections.
They both require the mobilisation of the immune cells (e.g., white
blood cells) to help fight pathogens.
They both can result in cytokines being produced – these are signalling
molecules that help to coordinate immune response.
Differences Specific responses are very selective and highly specific to the pathogens
whereas the non-specific responses are more generalised and can
respond to a range of pathogens and infections.
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