ATI Nutrition Proctored Exam 100% Completely Solved!!

What percentage of milk fat should children be drinking? - ANSWER - for 2 years old and under, drink whole milk - for older than 2 years old, drink skim or low-fat milk Nutrition for Crohn's disease - ANSWER - Avoid carbonated, or "fizzy," drinks - Avoid popcorn, vegetable skins, nuts, and other high-fiber foods - Drink more liquids - Eat smaller meals more often - eat eggs (easy to digest and high in protein) - decrease lactose and fructose What foods should a person with Crohn's disease avoid? - ANSWER decrease fiber, lactose, fructose, and carbonated beverages Cirrhosis + ascites - ANSWER - Limit sodium intake 2000mg / 2g - Limit fluids to 1.5L o 0.8-1.2g/kg protein to prevent malnutrition - consume vitamin K due to decreased prothrombin prod by liver Cirrhosis - ANSWER chronic degenerative disease of the liver ascites - ANSWER abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen How should a child with a cleft lip be fed? - ANSWER - feed upright - put nipple to the side of the mouth to prevent fluids from entering nasal passage colostomy - ANSWER the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface nutrition for COPD - ANSWER ^ work of breathing increases caloric demands: eat small, frequent meals Encourage fluids to promote hydration: 2-3L/d - Dyspnea decreases energy available: eat soft, high-cal foods to spend less time chewing - add gravy and sauces to foods to prevent dry mouth DASH diet - ANSWER Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension - includes low sodium (135 to 145 mEq per day) What is the normal total cholesterol? - ANSWER less than 200 What are normal glucose levels? - ANSWER 70-110 Diabetes mellitus A1C - ANSWER measures average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months. Represented by a number. Number should be less than 7 dumping syndrome - ANSWER Rapid emptying of gastric contents into small intestines. Client experience ab pain, nausea, vomiting, explosive diarrhea, weakness, dizziness, palpitations & tachycardia. Nutrition to prevent dumping sydrome - ANSWER - avoid liquid during meals to slow movement of foods - complex carbs are better than simple carbs - lie down after eating to slow movement through GI - decrease fiber to slow gastric emptying How to prevent choking when someone has dysphagia - ANSWER - sit them in high fowlers for eating - allow rest before meals - assess food pockets before leaving room after meals - do not hyperextend neck - take small bites - thicken liquids with pectin - do not use a straw - limit distractions during feeding time Dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing hyponatremia - ANSWER low sodium, confusion, headache, nausea, dizziness, abdominal cramping hypernatremia - ANSWER high sodium, confusion, thirst, weakness hyperphosphatemia - ANSWER high phosphate, decreased calcium, numbness, tingling, tetany hypokalemia - ANSWER low potassium, irregular heart rate, muscle weakness, leg cramps, anorexia hyperkalemia - ANSWER high potassium, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness hypochloridemia - ANSWER Low levels of Cl, lack of emotion, anorexia, muscle cramps hyperchloridemia - ANSWER vomiting nutrition for end-stage kidney disease - ANSWER limit potassium intake because kidneys have a hard time excreting potassium What position should a patient be in for enteral tube feedings? - ANSWER high fowlers How are enteral feeding tube's placement verified? - ANSWER Xray before initial feeding Before and after feeding through an enteral tube feeding, how much water should be used to flush tube? - ANSWER 30 ml water How can stomach discomfort be helped for patients who have enteral tube feedings? - ANSWER warm up formula to room temp before feeding Discard open cans of enteral feeding formula after how long? - ANSWER 24 hours How can abdominal distention risk and risk of aspiration be prevented for enteral tube feeding? - ANSWER ambulate patient, turn patients to their right side, switch to low-fat formula, check residuals every 4 hours What should the nurse anticipate doing if the enteral feeding tube keeps getting clogged with the formula? - ANSWER switch to less calorie-dense formula (do not water down formula, always administer at full strength) How to treat failure to thrive in todlers - ANSWER - decrease distraction during feeding - continue to feed regardless of behavior of child - limit fruit juice to 4 ounces per day - have a set eating schedule - give plenty of time for feeding How can females decrease risk of hypertension? - ANSWER - drink low fat milk - eat unsalted nuts - drink less than one alcoholic beverage per day Ferrous sulfate - ANSWER iron. Used to treat anemia - take between meals with JUICE -absorption is decreased with eggs, milk, and caffeine - do not take with calcium supplements because it can decrease absorption of iron - vitamin C increases absorption Fiber - ANSWER A tough complex carbohydrate that the body cannot digest. Aids in digestion and decreases cholesterol What are ways to increase fiber intake? - ANSWER bran cereal, apples with skin, bananas, oatmeal, replace meat with vegetables, fiber supplements (metamucil) Fluid overload - ANSWER a condition in which the body cannot eliminate the fluid consumed. Can cause edema, lung crackles, decreased urine specific gravity decreased hematocrit, decreased albumin Foods high in folate - ANSWER - LIVER - green leafy vegetables - grains - legumes chickpeas - oranges - white bread nutrition for gastric bypass - ANSWER 3 meals per day and two snacks, limit portion sizes - start each meal with protein - eat slowly and stop when you start to feel full Do older patients require more or less calories than younger patients? - ANSWER They require fewer calories due to decreased metabolism Protein information for older patients - ANSWER older people need increased protein for healing and immune function. Protein should take up 20 to 25 percent of calorie intake calcium information for elderly people - ANSWER - older people need increased calcium for bone strength - patients may need to take calcium and vitamin D supplements with meals to increase absorption What types of foods have high glycemic index? - ANSWER foods high in sugar, starches, and carbs glycemic index - ANSWER a method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose What foods should be avoided with gout? - ANSWER organ meats and seafood (purine-rich foods) HIV nutrition information - ANSWER infection secondary to HIV is treated with increased nutrition related to increased metabolic rates signs of hyperglycemia - ANSWER Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, blurred vision, weakness, weight loss, syncope, acetone breath, kussmaul breathing, vomiting dietary recommendations for someone with hyperlipidemia - ANSWER - low fat meats - low fat and small amounts of cheese - limit meat to 5 ounces per day ileostomy nutrition information - ANSWER - increase sodium to increase fluid retention and combat fluit loss - prepare meals on a schedule to regulate bowel movements - b12 necessary to prevent anemia Inflammatory bowel disease nutrition - ANSWER -low fiber -low residue, high protein, high calorie diet with vitamin and mineral supplemnts -fluid and electrolyte corrected with IV fluids or oral replacements -avoid nicotine - hydrolyzed formula, NOT polymeric, milk based modular formula irritable bowel syndrome nutrition - ANSWER - decreased high fructose corn syrup - increase probiotics - peppermint oil for exacerbations Kosher nutrition - ANSWER - no pork or shellfish - no shrimp or lobster, seafood must have fins and scales - do not combine milk and meat - can eat meat and milk at the same time if they are unmixed symptoms of lactose intolerance - ANSWER cramps, flatus, and osmotic diarrhea after eating dairy normal levels of LDL - ANSWER less than 100 normal levels of HDL - ANSWER Men 40-50 Women 50-60, the lower the better normal triglyceride levels - ANSWER less than 150 low residue diet - ANSWER diet that gives the least possible fecal residue, such as gelatin, sucrose, dextrose, broth, and rice. Avoid whole grains, fatty meats, high fiber foods - eggs and bananas are low residue options too Malnutrition signs and symptoms - ANSWER - dry skin, ankle swelling, decreased reflexes, weak grip, dry eyes malnutrition can cause - ANSWER - fatigue, delayed healing, less than 1,500 calories per day can prevent proper wound healing What can happen if a person taking MAOIs eats tyramine-rich foods? - ANSWER hypertensive crisis (increased blood pressure, headache, sweating) Tyramine-rich foods examples - ANSWER - aged cheeses, smoked meats, dried meats, dried fish, dried fruits, overripe avocados mucositis - ANSWER inflammation of the mucous membrane. - cancer treatments can breakdown GI lining - increase fluid intake for hydration and peristalsis Nifedipine - ANSWER calcium channel blocker - do not take with grapefruit juice nutrient dense foods - ANSWER foods that are high in nutrients as compared with their calorie content What is the first step to treating obesity? - ANSWER 24 hour diet recall Osteomalacia - ANSWER softening of the bone. - 20 mcg supplement of vitamin D daily - increase antioxidant-rich foods pancreatitis - ANSWER inflammation of the pancreas - decrease calcium - increase bilirubin - increase glucose - eat a low fat, high carb and protein diet with increased vitamin C and B Parkinson's disease nutrition - ANSWER - increase caloric intake - levadopa-carbidopa decreases with protein intake pregnancy nutrition - ANSWER Calories should increase by 300 per day. Recommended fluid intake is 2Qts or 8 cups of water daily. Eat up to 12oz- which is two average meals weekly of these types of fish: Shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, Polluck and Catfish - increase iron and protein Weight gain for pregnancy - ANSWER normal BMI: 25 to 35 pounds Increased BMI or obesity: 11 to 20 pounds morning sickness treatment - ANSWER drink and eat separately, eat carbs to raise blood sugar quickly (eat crackers before getting out of bed), decrease fat intake