SocSci Final Exam 3rd Quarter with complete solution
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SocSci Final Exam 3rd Quarter with complete solution
April 1898, Start of the Spanish-American War
Admiral George Dewey was immediately ordered to sail to Manila Bay to prepare for the battle against the Spanish forces in the Philippines.
5 Causes of the American Expansion
...
1. Manifest De...
socsci final exam 3rd quarter with complete solution april 1898
start of the spanish american war admiral george dewey was immediately ordered to sail to manila bay to prepare for the battle against
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SocSci Final Exam 3rd Quarter with complete solution
April 1898, Start of the Spanish-American War
Admiral George Dewey was immediately ordered to sail to Manila Bay to prepare for the
battle against the Spanish forces in the Philippines.
5 Causes of the American Expansion
...
1. Manifest Destiny
Americans believed that being superior, it is their duty to bring the benefits of civilization
to ignorant people abroad either by conversion or conquest (White Man's Burden). This
is anchored on Charles Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to support the racial
superiority of Americans.
2. Economic Factor
There was a surplus of US products needed new markets and growth of industry need
raw materials to support its growth. Most American diplomats considered the Philippines
to be the springboard for American commercial expansion and supremacy in Asia,
especially getting a share of the "Chinese melon."
3. Political Factor
The US desired colonies for power and glory. Being a new player in the competition
among world powers, a sense of national pride is felt for having the Philippines as its
first colony.
4. Religious Factor
Christian churches favored the annexation of the Philippines for evangelization among
Protestant groups and retention of power among the Catholic groups.
5. Military Factor
The Philippines is strategically planned for American operations in Asia to protect
American economic and political interests.
Opposition to American Expansionism
Before the US Congress approved the formal annexation of the Philippines as a US
colony, some people opposed it, however, only a small percentage of the total
population. Noted political leaders (Constitutionalist) like W. Jennings Bryan, Sen. R.
Lafollete and some New Englanders who later grouped themselves as the Anti-
Imperialist League viewed this as an immoral act for any civilized state like the US to
colonize other people against their will. Similarly, writer like Mark Twain and cartoonist
Finley Peter Dunne became strong critics as well as some industrialists and
businessmen who believed in commercial expansion without taking over a territory.
Some religious groups like the Quakers and Unitarians also joined these groups.
Treaty of Spanish-American War
The treaty that ended the Spanish-American war was finally signed between the United
States and Spain on December 10, 1898, known as the Treaty of Paris. The United
States established herself as a world superpower defeating the former vast Spanish
empire and was awarded with the former's overseas holdings consisting of Puerto Rico,
Guam, and the Philippines. The United States paid Spain for the Philippines in the
amount of $20 million, while Cuba became a U.S. protectorate.
Military Government (1898-1901)
,A military government was established under General Wesley Meritt as the first Military
Governor on August 14, 1898 whose powers flow from the President as the
Commander-in-chief of the US Armed Forces during the period of active warfare. The
following were the Military Governors of the Philippines: Gen. Wesley Meritt, Gen. Elwell
S. Otis, and Gen. Arthur MacArthur. This government pacified the country and laid the
foundations for the establishment of a civil government. It introduced the American
school system with soldiers as teachers, organized civil courts including the Supreme
Court with Cayetano Arellano as first Filipino chief justice, local governments were
established, and the first election under American flag. Under the military government,
Filipino insurgents were evident from the unpacified regions, especially from Southern
Tagalog, Bicol Region, and other parts of the country. Several of these groups were
remnants of the revolutionary troops during the Philippine Revolution such as Gen.
Miguel Malvar in Batangas, Gen. Vicente Lukban in Samar, Gen. Simeon Ola in Bicol,
and other army officers who continued fighting for their respective local communities.
One of the most popular groups was headed by Macario Sakay who attempted to
establish his own Tagalog republic. The Muslim struggle was also an interesting chapter
during this period as they were caught between the "treaty traps" that the Americans
offered to some leaders in exchange of provisional peace in Mindanao while focusing
on supplanting the revolutionary groups in Luzon and Mindanao. Atrocities during the
military government were frequent. Suspected guerillas were punished without a fair
trial. Evidence of this is the water cure (Jose, 2010). Also, repressive acts were forced,
like Flag Law and the Sedition Act. The Americans issued the Sedition Law to suppress
and censor Filipino media while the Flag Law banned the display of the Philippine Flag.
These repressive laws were enacted to pacify Filipino insurgence. Simultaneous with
the military rule of the Americans in the early years of their colonial rule, two
commissions were sent by the US government to the Philippines to study the situations
in preparation for the next stages of their colonization. They were the Schurman
Commission and the Taft Commission.
Schurman Commission (1899)
This is also known as the First Philippine Commission appointed by President McKinley
on January 20, 1899 headed by Dr. Jacob G. Schurman, President of Cornell
University, to make a survey of Philippine conditions for the achievement of the peaceful
extension of American sovereignty to the Philippines. Due to the ongoing Filipino-
American war that time, it could not finish its objective and returned to the US on
January 31, 1900 with the following recommendations: • Establishment of a territorial
government with two legislatures: upper house as half appointive and half elective and a
lower house as elective. • Withdrawal of Military rule in pacified areas. • Conservation of
natural resources for the Filipinos. • Establishment of autonomous local government. •
Opening of free elementary schools. • The appointment of highly capable men for office.
The Taft Commission (1900)
This is also known as the Second Philippine Commission appointed by Pres. McKinley
on March 16, 1900 headed by Judge William H. Taft to initiate a civil government in war-
ravaged Philippines. It issued the basic democratic principles of the American Policy
called the "Magna Carta of the Philippines" that was basically according to Taft a
government that "...is not designed for our satisfaction or for the expression of our
theoretical views, but for the happiness, peace, and prosperity of the people of the
, Philippines". In terms of its accomplishments, the Taft Commission did more than its
predecessor, foremost of which was the appropriation of PhP 2,000,000.00 for the
construction and repair of roads and bridges. It also enacted a total of 499 laws that
made an impact on the political, social, economic, and cultural aspects in the lives of the
Filipinos during that time. After the country's successful pacification, a military
government was lifted and shifted into a more liberal civil government in 1901 (Jose,
2010). S
REASONS FOR THE START OF THE WAR
The most obvious reason for the outbreak of the hostilities between the Americans and
the Filipinos was called the "American apostasy" coined by Filipino historian, Teodoro
Agoncillo. Aguinaldo and several of his men had suspicions with the intentions of the
Americans when they limited the areas to be occupied by the Filipinos after the collapse
of Spanish colonial government. The Americans also insisted the evacuation of Filipino
forces in most of strategic points in Manila Bay and the Americans disallowed the entry
of Filipino soldiers in Manila after Spain's surrender. The final blow to the deteriorating
Filipino-American relations was the Treaty of Paris which no Filipino representative was
present during the negotiations. This was viewed as treachery to the Filipinos which the
Americans, through Aguinaldo, tapped their support against Spain. Exactly 11 days
after the Paris Treaty, the Benevolent Assimilation of US President William McKinley
made clear the intentions of the United States. The declaration blatantly ordered
American forces to use force against the Filipinos to "assimilate" them to the "American
Empire". The San Juan del Monte Bridge incident worsened the situation when
American soldier, Private William Grayson fired and killed two unarmed Filipino soldiers
on February 4, 1899. The Filipino soldiers were trying to pass into the American-held
sector. Emilio Aguinaldo, the next day, sent a message to Gen. Elwell Otis, US major
general leading the reinforcement for Gen. Wesley Merritt. Felipe Buencamino,
following orders from Aguinaldo, launched an investigation on the incident and
concluded that it seems the Americans planned the incident to happen. On the
American response, Otis, confident of American military superiority, have seen the
incident as an opportunity to declare war against the Philippines and fulfill the plan of an
American Empire. Upon knowing of the American response to the incident, Aguinaldo
telegrammed local chiefs to be ready for an eventual hostility between American and
Filipino forces.
THE PHILIPPINE - AMERICAN WAR IN LUZON
On February 5, 1899, Gen. Arthur McArthur ordered his men to advance against the
Filipino forces starting a full-scale war. Major Jose Torres Bugallon was defeated in La
Loma while Gen. Antonio Luna defended Kalookan but was also overwhelmed by
American advance artilleries. However, Luna, undaunted, avenged their defeat and
burned Manila. He proceeded to Azcarraga but was defeated and thereafter, retreated
to Polo. The Filipino soldiers under the orders of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar defeated the
American cavalry under Major Bell in Plaridel on March 25, 1899. On December 18,
1899, Gen Licerio Geronimo conquered the forces of Gen. Henry W. Lawton and killed
him in the battle of San Mateo. However, these victories were short-lived. Las Piñas,
Parañaque in Morong, and Santa Cruz, Paete and other towns of Laguna were taken by
Gen. Wheaton. On March 30, 1899, the American forces were already at the gates of
Malolos thus, the Aguinaldo government evacuated to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. The tide
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