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organizational psychology final exam summary
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Chapter 91. Define group, and distinguish the different types of groups.
Our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group is the territory of social identity theory.
Schadenfreude 幸灾乐祸 as the joy fans experience when a hated team loses.
Ingroup favoritism occurs when we see members of our ingroup as better than other people and people not in our group as all
the same. This obviously paves the way for stereotyping.
When do people develop a social identity? Several characteristics make a social identity important to a person: 1. Similarity 2.
Distinctiveness (和别的 group 不同) 3. Status(喜欢 high-status groups) 4. Uncertainty reduction(it has a clear indentity)
2. Identify the five stages of group development.
Forming stage: a great deal of uncertainty. This stage is complete when members have begun to think of themselves as part of a
group.
Storming stage: intragroup conflict. 结束的时候 there will be a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group.
Norming stage: close relationships and the group demonstrates cohesiveness 凝聚力, a strong sense of group identity and
camaraderie 友情. This is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of
expectations of what defines correct member behavior.
Performing: structure is fully functional and accepted, performing the task at hand.
For permanent work groups, performing is the last stage in development.
However, for temporary committees, teams, task forces, and similar groups that have a limited task to perform, the adjourning
stage 解散期 is for wrapping up activities and preparing to disband.
Punctuated-equilibrium model (间断平衡)(alternative model for temporary groups with deadlines): (1) their first meeting sets
the group’s direction, (2) this first phase of group activity is one of inertia 惯性, (3) a transition takes place exactly when the
group has used up half its allotted time(期限), (4) this transition initiates major changes, (5) a second phase of inertia follows the
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