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Class Notes for Introduction to Orgo
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Class notes in General Chemistry that covers the Introduction to Orgo topic.
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Organic Chemistry Condensed Formula Conventional Structure Line-Angle FormulaDrawing Drawing
CH3CH3
INTRO TO ORGO
WHAT IS ORGO?
A. Organic chemistry, also known as "Orgo or O-Chem" is the study
of molecular structure and reactions pertaining to living matter. It is
commonly referred to as the study of compounds that contain carbon.
B. Why spend an entire year learning about carbon?!? Looking at this Line-Angle Formula drawing we see a line. Each end of
Carbon containing compounds are the gateway to life. By the line has a carbon. Since the carbons are connected by a single bond,
studying organic chemistry one can have an appreciation for each carbon has three hydrogens attached to it.
living organisms and the basis for life. One can also gain an
understanding for organic chemistry contributions to health, B. General Rule #2:
medicine, pharmacology and industry. Each carbon molecule may accommodate four “things” attached
Carbon to it via a single bond. If there is a double bond that counts as
two “things” if there is a triple bond that counts as three
A.Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon. So let's review carbon. “things”.
B.Atomic number = 6 So what about this molecule:
C. Electron configuration = 1s22s22p2
D.Valence Electrons
Let’s start by circling all the lines:
Definition: The electrons found in the outermost shell in the
atom.
1. They are the electrons that can participate
in bonding. Well, there are three lines, right? Each positioned at an angle to
2. Note: Lone pair electrons are a subset of the one another to indicate that there is a new carbon at that joint.
So the following two images are equivalent:
valence electrons that do not participate in
bonding.
Conventional Structure Drawing Line-Angle Formula Drawing
1s22s22p2
1. The electrons in the second shell (2s22p2) represent
carbon's valence electrons.
2. 2 +2 =4
So carbon has four valence electrons
In order to complete its octet it needs to share four more
electrons
E. Octet Rule
MOLECULAR ORBITALS, HYBRIDIZATION AND GEOMETRY
Definition: the sum of all bonding electrons and non-bonding
electrons on a given atom in the 2nd row of the periodic table ATOMIC ORBITALS
will never be greater than 8. A. Remember these subshells from General Chemistry?
Exceptions to the Octet Rule: i. s
1. Hydrogen and Lithium = 1 Valence Electron ii. p
2. Beryllium = 2 Valence Electrons iii. d
3. Elements in period 3 can occupy more than 8 iv. etc.
valance electrons (e.g. Phosphorus and Sulfur)
B. Each subshell has a certain number of atomic orbitals
F. So if carbon has four electrons it may accommodate four more
electrons
How can it do so? It may gain two more bonds. i. s one orbital
1. One bond = 2 electrons
2. Carbon "takes on" one of those electrons from three orbitals
a given bond towards its octet ii. p
DRAWING IN ORGO
Learning organic chemistry is like learning a new language. With a new iii. d five orbitals
language comes a new way of speaking and a new way of writing. In
organic chemistry we communicate with lines and letters.
C. Each atomic orbital can accommodate two electrons.
HOW TO DRAW BONDS
A. Bonds are represented by lines. One line is a single bond, two lines is Hbyridization
a double bond and three lines is a triple bond. A. A hybrid or a mix of atomic orbitals
Bond Drawing
Single B. An atom's orbitals can interact with other atoms and
Double overlap to form a given hybrid atomic orbital
For example- here the sp hybrid atomic orbital is formed:
Triple
Molecular orbitals
A. Molecular orbital =overlap of two atomic orbitals from
different atoms.
B. Bonds may be in a variety of different planes B. There are two types of bonds formed in molecular orbitals:
Drawing Representation sigma bonds and pi bonds.
Drawn to represent a bond within same C. sigma bond (σ)= overlap of hybridized orbitals along the
plane as the computer screen or paper line between nuclei
Drawn to represent a bond coming out of the
plane of the computer screen or paper. In i. single bonds are sigma bonds
essence this bond is pointing toward you. ii. double and triple bonds each have one sigma
Drawn to represent a bond going into the plane bond
of the computer screen or paper. In essence D. pi bond (π) = sideways overlap between two p orbitals
this bond is pointing away from you.
i. double bonds have one pi bond
ii.triple bonds have two pi bonds
General rules of drawing in orgo using the “Line-Angle Formula”
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