Summary Exam 2 Adolescent Development. Summary of the literature with lecture notes added.
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Course
Adolescent Development
Institution
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Book
Adolescence 11e
In this summary you find everything you need for exam 2 of the course: Adolescent Development (2023), Universiteit Utrecht. It's a summary of all the literature: Adolescence by Steinberg and Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence (Steinberg, 2003). In blue you will find some lecture notes added.
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Summary Adolescent development Exam 2 / Samenvatting Adolescent Development deeltentamen 2
Summary Exam 3 Adolescent Development. Summary of the literature with lecture notes added.
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Saskia Ensel
Summary exam 2 (literature + lecture notes): L.
Steinberg (2023). Adolescence. For Adolescent
Development.
Year 2022-2023. Universiteit Utrecht
Inhoud
Chapter 4: Families .................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 5: Peer groups ........................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 9: Autonomy, page 250-253 ...................................................................................... 18
Chapter 10: Intimacy ................................................................................................................ 21
Chapter 11: Sexuality .............................................................................................................. 31
What is it, how does it develop, and it is linked to moral action? (Hardy & Carlo, 2011) ....... 41
Microagressions and depressive symptoms in sexual minority youth (Kaufman, 2017) ........ 43
Sexting within adolescents’ romantic relationship: how is it related to perceptions of love and
verbal conflict? (van Ouytsel, 2019) ........................................................................................ 45
Chapter 4: Families
Family systems theory = defines the family as an organized whole consisting of
interrelated parts that influence each other.
System = set(s) of elements standing in interrelation among themselves and with the
environment.
Interrelation = not A affects B, but A&B affect each other.
Changing, self-organizing and adapting to (changes in) its members and the outside
environment. The system (the family) is flexible but strives for stability (equilibrium).
According to family systems theory, relationships in families change most dramatically
during times when individual family members or the family’s circumstances are changing
because it is during these times that the family’s equilibrium often is upset.
Key principles of the family systems theory:
Holism
• To understand the family you need to look at it as a whole
• There are expected roles
Hierarchy/structure
• Organized into subsystems
• By gender or generations
Boundaries
• At every level (subsystems, inside/outside)
• Permeability varies across families/time
• ‘Spillover’ vs ‘compensation’ between
subsystems in the family
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What do adolescents and parents usually fight about?
Parents and teenagers typically don’t argue over “big” issues, but they do have their share of
disagreements. Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters is
generally less frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement
are similar across ethnic groups and cultures.
According to several studies, a major contributor to adolescent-parent bickering is the
fact that teenagers and their parents define the issues of contention very differently.
Contrary to stereotype adolescents rarely rebel against their parents just for the sake of
rebelling. In fact, they are willing to accept their parents’ rules as legitimate when they agree
that the issue is a moral one or one involving safety. But they are less inclined to accept their
parents’ authority when they view the issue as personal. Rather than resisting all of their
parents’ attempts to make and enforce rules, adolescents distinguish between rules they
think their parents have a right to make and rules that they think are out of bounds.
The effects of feeling psychologically controlled by their parents, which has a negative
impact on adolescents’ mental health, are very different from the effects of feeling that their
parents simply want to know where they go and what they do, which has a positive impact.
Adolescents who think their parents are overcontrolling are likely to become oppositional.
How parents get their information also matters: snooping, as opposed to asking, is likely to
lead to more problems, as is close parental monitoring in the absence of a warm parent-
adolescent relationship.
What do parents and adolescents fight about?
Often autonomy-relates issues, because:
• Emotional → independence in close interpersonal relationships
• Behavioral → capacity to make independent decisions and follow through
• Cognitive → independent values, opinions and beliefs.
The driving forces for autonomy in adolescence
Psychoanalytic/biological perspective
• Puberty; hormonal changes → sexual partner + appearance
Maturation perspective
• Cognitive development → questioning parental legitimacy of ‘control’ + weighing options.
Expectancy violation-realignment theory
• Discrepancies in autonomy/independence expectation
Social domain theory
• Discrepancies in personal vs. other issues.
The adolescent’s parents at midlife
The specific concerns and issues characteristic of families at adolescence arise not just
because of the changing needs and concerns of the young person but also because of
changes in the adolescent’s parents and in the needs and functions of the family. If we look
at the nature of the midlife crisis in some detail, we see that the developmental concerns of
parents and adolescents are complementary. At the same time that adolescents are entering
into a period of rapid physical growth, sexual maturation, their parents are beginning to feel
increased concern about their own bodies, their physical attractiveness and their sexual
appeal. A second overlap of crises concerns perceptions of time and future. At the same
time that adolescents are developing the capability to think systematically about the future
and start looking ahead, their parents are beginning to feel that possibilities for changing
their own lives are limited. Finally, consider the issue of power, status, and entrance into the
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roles of adulthood. Adolescence is the time when individuals are on the threshold of gaining
a great deal of status. For their parents, many choices have already been made.
Nearly two-thirds of mothers and fathers describe adolescence as the most difficult stage of
parenting, and this period is the low point in parents’ marital and life satisfaction.
Changes in Family Needs and Functions
Family finances are often strained during adolescence. The financial demands placed on
parents require considerable adjustment.
Special concerns of immigrant families
Many immigrant families place a high value on familism, an orientation toward life in which
the needs of one’s family takes precedence over the needs of the individual. Adolescents
who value familism and assist their families are more likely to develop prosocial values, less
likely to get depressed, and less likely to get involved with antisocial peer groups, which
lessens their chances of drinking or using illicit drugs.
Immigrant parents’ ideas about family responsibilities sometimes clash with the more
individualistic orientation characteristic of many mainstream American families. Adolescents
who are assigned a lot of housework but who do not have strong familism values are more
likely to do poorly at school. When adolescents are expected to spend a lot of time
translating important paperwork for their parents, this can undermine parents’ authority and
lead to problems in family relationships and adolescent psychological well-being.
Different expectations between immigrant parents and teenagers are a significant
source of stress for adolescents and parents alike, especially when the adolescent has
adopted values and expectations of the new country and the parents are less so, something
known as generational dissonance (= divergence of views between adolescents and
parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents).
Transformations in Family Relations
During early adolescence, young people begin to try to play a more forceful role in the
family, but parents may not yet acknowledge adolescents’ input. By middle adolescence,
teenagers act and are treated much more like adults. Between ages 16-20 as adolescents
begin to feel more independent, their relationship with their parents improve.
The adolescent’s biological and cognitive maturation likely plays a role in unbalancing
the family system during early adolescence. The distancing that takes place is temporary.
But the frequent bickering can take a toll on parents’ and teenagers’ mental health. Some
studies have found that individuals who reported more conflict with their parents during
adolescence had more problems later in
adolescence, during young adulthood and
at midlife. Frequent criticism by parents also
can adversely affect adolescents’ mood and
elevate their cortisol levels, which can take
its toll on physical health.
Sex differences in family relationships
According to scientific studies, differences
between the family relations of sons and
daughters are minimal. There is some
evidence, though, that, compared to
adolescent boys, adolescent girls are more
affected by the quality of their relationship
with their parents.
Teenagers relate very differently to mothers and fathers. Across many ethnic groups
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and cultures, adolescents tend to be closer to their mothers, to spend more time alone with
their mothers and to feel more comfortable talking to their mothers about problems.
Adolescents also fight more often with their mothers than with their fathers and perceive
mothers as more controlling but this does not appear to jeopardize the closeness of the
mother-adolescent relationship.
Normative developmental changes
• Early to middle adolescence → increase in conflict, decrease in support & smaller
decrease in power.
• Middle to late adolescence → decrease in conflict, increase in support & greater
decrease in power.
Family relationships and adolescent development
Although we tend to see children’s behavior as the result of their parent’s behavior,
socialization is a two-way street. Just as parents affect their adolescents’ behavior,
adolescents affect how their parents behave.
Parenting styling and their effects
According to Baumrind (1978) two aspects of the parent’s behavior toward the adolescent
are critical:
• Parental responsiveness → the degree to which the parent responds to the child’s
needs in an accepting, supportive manner.
• Parental demandingness → the extent to which the parent expects and demands
mature, responsible behavior.
Four styles of parenting
1. Parents who are both responsive and demanding are authoritative. These parents are
warm but firm. They set
standards for the child’s conduct
but form expectations consistent
with the child’s needs and
capabilities. They value the
development of autonomy and
self-direction but assume the
ultimate responsibility for their
child’s behavior. They deal with
their child in a rational, issue-
oriented manner. They strive to
raise a child who is self-reliant,
with a strong sense of initiative.
Young people who have
been raised in authoritative
households are more
psychologically mature. They
are more responsible, self-
assured, creative, curious, socially skilled, academically successful and able to
regulate their emotions and behavior.
2. Parents who are very demanding but not responsive are authoritarian. They value
obedience and conformity. They tend to favor more punitive, absolute and forceful
discipline. Verbal give-and-take is not common because authoritarian parents believe
that children should accept their parents’ rules and standards without question.
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