Unit 12 Aim B up to Distinction level.
I Evaluate the role of organisations in I limiting the spread of infectious disease.
I Assess how infectious diseases can be prevented from spreading.
I Explain how infectious diseases can be transmitted.
Infectious diseases can be transmitted through contact with an infected person, animal,
or object; contact with a contaminated environment; or consumption of contaminated
food or water. Contact transmission occurs when an infected person or animal
encounters another person or animal, and the disease is spread through direct contact
with body fluids, such as saliva, mucus, blood, or faeces. Indirect contact transmission
occurs when an infected person or animal encounters an object or surface that has been
contaminated with the disease-causing organism and then another person or animal
touches the object or surface and acquires the infection. Vector-borne disease
transmission occurs when an infected animal, such as a mosquito, tick, or flea, carries a
disease-causing organism and transmits it to humans or other animals through a bite.
Lastly, food and waterborne transmission occurs when an infected person or animal
contaminates food or water with the disease-causing organism, which is then consumed
by another person or animal
Infectious diseases can be prevented from spreading by following a few key steps:
1. Wash your hands with soap and water often, especially before eating and after using
the restroom.
2. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
3. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. If you do not
have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your elbow or shoulder.
4. Stay home if you are sick and avoid contact with others.
,5. Disinfect surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with germs.
6. Get vaccinated against preventable illnesses.
7. Follow travel health advice if you are travelling abroad.
8. Practice safe sex.
9. Avoid sharing personal items such as eating utensils, toothbrushes, and razors.
10. Do not share needles or other drug paraphernalia.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19)
Covid-19 is primarily spread from person to person through close contact with an
infected individual, including through respiratory droplets produced when an infected
person sneezes, coughs, talks, or sings. These droplets can be inhaled directly into the
lungs of another person or can land on nearby surfaces, such as door handles,
countertops, or other objects. A person can then become infected by touching these
surfaces and then touching their own eyes, nose, or mouth.
In addition to close contact, COVID-19 can also be spread through contact with
contaminated surfaces or objects. This is known as fomite transmission and occurs
when an infected person touches a surface or object and then someone else touches the
same surface or object, and then touches their face.
COVID-19 can also be spread through aerosol transmission, which occurs when an
infected person produces tiny droplets that remain suspended in the air and are then
inhaled by another person. This can happen in enclosed areas with poor ventilation,
such as crowded indoor spaces or health care settings.
Finally, Covid-19 can spread through contact with faecal matter. This can occur when
an infected person has not properly washed their hands after using the bathroom and
then touches another
1. Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20
seconds or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and
mouth.
2. Practice social distancing: Stay at least 6 feet away from other people when in public
and wear a face covering when out in public.
3. Avoid large gatherings: Avoid attending large events and gatherings with people
outside of your household.
4. Clean and disinfect surfaces: Clean and disinfect surfaces regularly, such as
countertops, doorknobs, light switches, and other high-touch surfaces.
5. Stay home when you are sick: If you are feeling ill, stay home and self-isolate. Avoid
close contact with other people and call your doctor for advice.
6. Get tested: If you suspect you may have been exposed to Covid-19, get tested and
follow your doctor’s instructions.
,7. Wear a face covering: Wear a cloth face covering when out in public to help slow the
spread of the virus.
8. Get vaccinated: Get vaccinated when available. This will help protect you and those
around you from getting the virus.
Indirect Transmission methods for Covid-19 are:
Sneezing: If you sneeze on someone, the virus can enter through their mouth
ages of nostrils into their respiratory system. If you sneeze on a table and
someone touches it, they become a host.
Coughing: you can cough on food or an object that someone will eat of touch.
The virus will get into the lymphatic and digestive systems of the affected
person. To avoid, clean surfaces and wash hands regularly.
PIGWORM
This a parasite carried by pigs that mile pigs and pig consume sick. The parasite is in the
pork, which is consumed by people. The worms lay egg imide the pigs. People are
infected when they swallow.
To avoid, cook at extremely high heat, this to kill the parasite (Ascaris scum).
Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The
tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to your mouth by contaminated food, drink, or
your fingers. Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult
worms within a few weeks.
Female pinworms move to the anal area to lay their eggs, which often results in anal
itching. When you scratch the itchy area, the eggs cling to your fingers and get under
your fingernails. The eggs then get transferred to other surfaces, such as toys, bedding,
or toilet seats. The eggs can also be transferred from contaminated fingers to food,
liquids, clothes, or other people.
SALMONELLA
This disease is usually transmitted by eating food contaminated with animal faeces.
Examples of this can be eggs or raw or unpasteurized milk and other dairy products.
Additionally, raw, or undercooked meat and poultry products such as chicken breasts,
beef and pork may also contain salmonella.
, To avoid, cook food at elevated temperatures and control the milk that you consume
(check expiry date)
Additionally, a sample of food from different animals can be tested for salmonella meat
and poultry products such as chicken breast, beef and pork may also contain salmonella.
Diagnosing Salmonella infection requires testing a specimen (sample), such as stool
(poop) or blood. Testing can help guide treatment decisions. Infection is diagnosed
when a laboratory test detects Salmonella bacteria in stool, body tissue, or fluids.
Improperly handled food
Many foods become contaminated when prepared by people who do not wash their
hands thoroughly after using the toilet or changing a diaper or after handling
contaminated food.
Infected surfaces
Infection can also occur if people touch something that is contaminated and then put
their fingers in their mouths.
Infected pets and other animals
Animals and pets, especially birds and reptiles, may carry salmonella bacteria on their
feathers, fur, or skin or in their faeces. Some pet foods may be contaminated with
salmonella and can infect animals.
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT
Rabies:
This disease is caused via lyssavirus. This virus can be found in animals, most
commonly dogs and rabbits. The most common method of thing mission is biting. The
virus enters the body through the skin. To avoid this, is important to keep animals with
Rabies in lockdown. Rabies: The virus enters the body through a bite or other wound,
typically on the face or hands. Over several days, the virus spreads throughout the body,
infecting the central nervous system.
The virus can spread to other animals and humans through a bite, or if the saliva of an infected
animal meets a person’s mucous membrane or an open wound. Once the virus is contracted, it
progresses over time in a series of stages.
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