SOCI 205(Cohn) Midterm 100% Correct

inequality - ANSWER social stratification = ?? legitimation - ANSWER someone's authority is expected as legitimate w/o this the system crumbles cadet systems - ANSWER when family members make up the branches of government form of nepotism universalism - ANSWER when everyone is treated the exact same more effective particularism - ANSWER when everyone is treated based on who they are creates integration problems ascription - ANSWER a status someone is given when they are born ex: white or Jewish bureaucratic organization money universalistic norms democracy - ANSWER Parson's four pillars that made Anglos the GREATEST capitalism - ANSWER private ownership of the means of production who are not workers capital - ANSWER raw materials, tools, machinery petty commodity producer - ANSWER person who owns their own means of production AND does the work socialism - ANSWER no private property everything is commonly owned extremely rare communism - ANSWER temporary state between capitalism and socialism where the government seizes power in order to push socialism social class - ANSWER based on ownership and control of the means of production proletariat - ANSWER someone who sells their labor bourgeoisie - ANSWER someone who owns the means of production surplus value - ANSWER difference between the sale value of the good and the worker extraction of surplus value - ANSWER process by which capitalist gets more money than the worker (reason why workers hate management) accumulation crisis - ANSWER when the economy stops growing semipermanently contradiction between the forces and relations of production - ANSWER forces are what businesses need to be profitable for the short term & relation is what businesses need to be profitable in the long term Karl Marx - ANSWER believes workers produce everything and managers produce nothing Maddison - ANSWER traced the GDP in the world GDP rises every decade dependance theory - ANSWER rich countries get rich from exploiting poor countries Neo-marxist theory Idea A - ANSWER peasants are isolated rural proletariat have strong social networks peasants COMPETE & rural proletariat COOPERATE peasants - ANSWER small rural cultivator who owns their own land conservatives own and control their means of production rural proletariat - ANSWER small rural cultivator who does NOT own their own land radical Rioss Mont - ANSWER 1960s Guatemala thought that if you were a communist you were considered an indian---his job was to kill all indians---true indians didn't defend themselves while the communists did Neo-marxist theory Idea B - ANSWER rural protests turn more violent when upper class profits are low smaller farms are more efficient moving into food processing and advanced agronomy raises profitability paramilitary - ANSWER private, not controlled by law, act like military James O'Connor - ANSWER 1970s marxist revolutionist claimed that conservatives were the true revolutionary force in society he saw revolutionary change coming when middle class people started rising up against taxes increased populations - ANSWER airport growth leads to... monopoly capital - ANSWER companies that are able to avoid taxation through the use of loopholes ex: Microsoft Weberian Bureaucracy - ANSWER invented 1900s most efficient organizational form on the planet the military is a conspicuous example hierarchy written rules written record keeping recruitment, promotion and payment (exclusively by merit) - ANSWER four critical components of Weberian Bureaucracy industrial revolution - ANSWER one of the largest increases in productivity in human history and laid the foundation for modern wealth and high contemporary standards of living Durkheim - ANSWER invented scientific experimentation on human behavior believes that suicide comes from lack of external moral regulation of the individual Steven Stack - ANSWER confirmed Durkheim's experiments happiness according to Durkheim - ANSWER when you think about someone other than yourself moral responsibility - ANSWER what keeps people from killing themselves? anomie - ANSWER the sense of not knowing what the rules are rapid change of income (+ or -) can cause this Durkheim came up with this term the champagne suicide - ANSWER suicide caused by a change for the better good fortune with no coping mechanism Talcott Parsons - ANSWER greatest rhetorical conservative of the 20th century anti-marks/anti-liberalism incorporates Adam Smith "free market solves all problems" believes every system contains AGIL w/o it the system will die off system - ANSWER components that cooperate mutually for the survival of the larger unit A- Adaptation (economy) society needs food, energy, raw materials G- Goal Attainment (government) having needs and how to get them I- Integration (conflict management) such as a punishment for conflicts between people L- Latent Pattern Maintenance (culture) values & wanting to be good - ANSWER AGIL more adaptive and more functional - ANSWER the bigger the system = ?? homeostasis - ANSWER a system that can take environmental shocks and return the system to the original and pristine state basic universal institutions - ANSWER bureaucratic administrations money universal norms democracy basic universal evolutions - ANSWER religion communication by language social organization through kinship technology "Some Reasons Why Information Campaigns Fail" - ANSWER written by Herbert Hyman & Paul Sheatsley in 1941 there are many physical barriers that interfere with the supply of information main ideas: 1. there exists a chronic "know-nothing" 2. interested people acquire the most information 3. people seek information similar to their beliefs and attitudes 4. people interpret same information differently 5. information does not change attitudes "Obedience to Authority" - ANSWER written by Stanley Milgram in 1963 describes the experiment done by Milgram to test obedience. experiment consisted of a "teacher" giving electric shocks to the "learner" each time the learner got a question wrong. found that even though the teachers did not want to shock the learners, they continued to do so because someone was telling them to. the teachers experienced great deal of stress under this pressure. "Strength of Weak Ties" - ANSWER written by Mark Granovetter evidence shown that weak ties can reach a larger amount of people and travel greater distance among individuals in a shorter amount of time "Becoming a World Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective" - ANSWER written by John Lofland and Rodney Stark in 1965 observed conversion in a small, millenarian religious cult area in Bay City (urban city in the west coast) found that for conversion a person must experience tensions that create some disposition to act within a religious problem-solving perspective "Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History" - ANSWER written by Rodney Stark in 1996 analyzes "revitalization movements" pagans were unable to confront the epidemic outbreaks socially or spiritually leading people to move towards christian social networks "Competitive Spirits: Latin America's New Religious Economy" - ANSWER written by Andrew Chestnut in 2003 examined the elements of the success or failure of any religious organization competing in an unregulated religious economy (Pentecostals success) "Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World" - ANSWER written by Jeffery Paige in 1975 wrote about the theory of rural class conflict between the actions of peasants, sharecroppers, and agricultural laborers "Great American University" - ANSWER written by Jonathan Cole in 2009 believes knowledge is a source of social and economic advance which requires students to be trained beyond their education "Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay" - ANSWER written by Charles Perrow in 1979 writes about the importance of bureaucracy and teaching the reader how to appreciate them by showing what happens when bureaucracies are violated "Evolutionary Universals in Society" - ANSWER written by Talcott Pearsons talks about Parson's theory about why society improves and social progress occurs and believes systems contain AGIL w/o them the society will die off revitalization movements - ANSWER the rise of new religions as a response to social crises studied suffering of the working class in Manchester - ANSWER Karl Marx empirical evidence example ex: 1873 stock market crash - ANSWER high suicide rates occurred during exact years and months of crises small businesses - ANSWER who pays the majority of taxes in the U.S.? ex: wheat prices and Bavaria rye prices low prices = increased suicide - ANSWER money kills NOT misery conquest of Rome by Victor Emmanuel 1870 - ANSWER this event unified the economy of Italy steam boilers measured economic growth and industrialization suicide rates increased during economic boom (anomie) no one wants to do work and people are terrified of being different - ANSWER why does conformity matter? autokinetic effect - ANSWER optical illusion of the still dot moving in the dark study of conformity line matching experiment - ANSWER experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform differentiation - ANSWER speciation on unique functions speciation increases skills and abilities few ties to majority and more ties to minority members - ANSWER when do people tend to convert?