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Samenvatting Sociale psychologie, volledig uitgewerkte examenleerstof
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Volledig uitgewerkt document, te kennen leerstof van het van Sociale psychologie gegeven door Trui Timperman
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Sociale psychologieDocent: trui timperman
2022-2023
Boek: sociale psychologie, een inleiding
Evaluatie: schriftelijk
1
,inhoudsopgave
1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................................5
Sociaal-psychologisch-perspectief........................................................................................................................6
het Stanford prison experiment....................................................................................................................6
2 Sociale waarneming...............................................................................................................................................8
Het materiaal waarop we ons baseren.................................................................................................................8
Eerste indruk.........................................................................................................................................................8
Het fysieke uiterlijk............................................................................................................................................8
Het gedrag.........................................................................................................................................................9
Het attributieproces..............................................................................................................................................9
Experimenten en theorieën............................................................................................................................11
Kelley’s covariatiemodel.............................................................................................................................11
Fouten en vertekeningen bij het attribueren..................................................................................................13
fundamentele attributiefout.......................................................................................................................13
Het actor-observator-verschil.....................................................................................................................17
Attributies toevoegen of afzwakken...........................................................................................................18
Impact van de gevolgen van het gedrag.....................................................................................................18
Motivationele vertekeningen......................................................................................................................18
Globaal beeld......................................................................................................................................................19
Informatie-integratietheorie...........................................................................................................................19
Kenmerken van de binnenkomende informatie.........................................................................................19
Kenmerken van de beoordelaar..................................................................................................................20
Hoe we omgaan met nieuwe informatie....................................................................................................24
3 groepsperceptie...................................................................................................................................................27
Sociale categorisering..........................................................................................................................................27
Prototype.........................................................................................................................................................27
Vervorming van de groepsperceptie...............................................................................................................27
Zelfcategorisering................................................................................................................................................28
Functies:..........................................................................................................................................................28
Verdere vertekening van de groepsperceptie................................................................................................28
4 attitudes................................................................................................................................................................31
Ontstaan van attitudes........................................................................................................................................32
Experiment Staats :.....................................................................................................................................33
Experiment Greenwald...............................................................................................................................35
Effectieve beïnvloedingsstrategieën...................................................................................................................36
Klassieke benaderingswijze.............................................................................................................................36
2
, Experiment Mackie e.a. (1990) (geloofwaardigheid en aantrekkelijkheid.................................................36
Centrale/perifere benadering.........................................................................................................................37
Zich teweerstellen tegen beïnvloeding...........................................................................................................41
Attitude en gedrag...............................................................................................................................................41
Invloeden van attitudes op gedrag..................................................................................................................41
Invloeden van gedrag op attitudes..................................................................................................................43
Balanstheorie van Heider...........................................................................................................................43
Cognitieve dissonantiereductie van Leon Festingen (belangrijke naam)...................................................43
Wanneer komt dissonantie voor?...................................................................................................................46
Dissonantie na het maken van een keuze...................................................................................................46
Dissonantie na het instemmen met een verzoek.......................................................................................46
Festinger & Carlsmith experiment (vanbuiten kennen, heel belangrijk) p162...........................................46
Dissonantie na het krijgen van straf............................................................................................................47
Onbereikbare of verboden vruchten experiment van Aronson & Carlsmith.............................................47
Dissonantie na het leveren van inspanningen............................................................................................48
Zelfperceptie.......................................................................................................................................................48
Zelfperceptie-experiment Daryl Bem..........................................................................................................48
Zelfperceptietheorie van Bem.....................................................................................................................48
5 Groepsnormen.....................................................................................................................................................49
Experiment Heaven’s Gate..........................................................................................................................49
Sociale normen....................................................................................................................................................49
Hoe ontstaan normen.........................................................................................................................................50
Experiment van Sherif.................................................................................................................................50
Generatie-experiment.................................................................................................................................51
Impact van een groepsnorm op het individu......................................................................................................52
Conformeren...................................................................................................................................................52
Experiment van Asch...................................................................................................................................52
Soorten conformiteit...................................................................................................................................54
Twee soorten onafhankelijk gedrag............................................................................................................54
Inwerkende factoren...................................................................................................................................55
Experiment van Deutsch & Gerard.............................................................................................................55
Inwilligen van een verzoek..............................................................................................................................57
Gehoorzaam aan een bevel.............................................................................................................................59
Basisexperiment van Milgram.....................................................................................................................59
6 groepsprocessen..................................................................................................................................................63
Invloed van anderen op de individuele prestaties..............................................................................................63
Als de individuele prestaties identificeerbaar zijn..........................................................................................63
3
, Experiment van Triplett (1897)...................................................................................................................63
Experiment van Ader & Tatum (1963)........................................................................................................64
Uitwerking van een eenheidsmodel...............................................................................................................64
De sociale activeringstheorie van Zajonc....................................................................................................64
Experiment van Martens & Landers (1972) p233.......................................................................................66
Als de prestaties niet individueel herkenbaar zijn..........................................................................................66
Het fenomeen van de deïndividuatie..............................................................................................................68
Eigenschappen van de groep..........................................................................................................................69
7 agressie en conflict...............................................................................................................................................70
Soorten agressie..................................................................................................................................................70
Factoren die aan de basis liggen van agressie....................................................................................................71
Ontwerp van een algemene agressietheorie..................................................................................................71
Biologische invloeden......................................................................................................................................71
Verre omgevingsinvloeden.............................................................................................................................72
sociale leertheorie van Albert Bandura......................................................................................................72
De directe aanleiding tot agressie...................................................................................................................74
Het tegengaan of inperken van agressie.........................................................................................................75
8 prosociaal gedrag.................................................................................................................................................76
Het cognitief decisiemodel..................................................................................................................................77
1. waarnemen van de gebeurtenis opmerken van de situatie.......................................................................78
2 interpreteren als een noodsituatie..............................................................................................................78
Experiment witte rook Darley en Latané....................................................................................................78
3 verantwoordelijkheid opnemen...................................................................................................................79
Het seizure experiment Darley & Latané (belangrijk).................................................................................79
4 Kiezen van aangepast gedrag.......................................................................................................................81
5 Effectief stellen van gedrag..........................................................................................................................81
Kenmerken van de situatie..................................................................................................................................82
Kenmerken van de hulpontvanger..................................................................................................................82
Individuele verschillen.........................................................................................................................................83
Experiment van Moss & Page.....................................................................................................................83
Experiment Isen & Levin..............................................................................................................................83
Genderverschillen...........................................................................................................................................84
Culturele verschillen........................................................................................................................................84
Kiezen tussen eigen belang en groepsbelang.....................................................................................................84
Eigenschappen van de groep..........................................................................................................................84
Sociaal dilemma..............................................................................................................................................85
Inwerkende factoren.......................................................................................................................................87
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