Class notes
Samenvatting Populatie Ecologie hoorcolleges
- Course
- Institution
Een samenvatting van alle hoorcolleges van het vak populatie ecologie van de opleiding toegepaste biologie (HAS), jaar 2, blok 3.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
ToegepasteBuurman
Reviews received
Content preview
Populatie EcologieApril 2022
Table of Contents
Hoorcollege 1: De basis ........................................................................................................................... 6
Manieren om populatie ecologisch onderzoek te doen ..................................................................... 6
Bemonstering .................................................................................................................................. 6
Heterogene verspreiding (in plaats van homogeen) ....................................................................... 7
Populatie ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Aanwezigheidsbepaling ....................................................................................................................... 7
Dichtheid (desity) ............................................................................................................................ 7
Verspreiding (dispersion) ................................................................................................................ 7
Dichtheid ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Schaalniveaus (ruimtelijk) ................................................................................................................... 8
Ruimte en tijd .................................................................................................................................. 8
Temporeel (=tijd) ............................................................................................................................. 8
Interactie met de omgeving ................................................................................................................ 8
Condities .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Resources (hulpbronnen) ................................................................................................................ 8
Tolerantie/response curves............................................................................................................. 9
Factoren bepalend voor het voorkomen van een soort ................................................................. 9
Biomen ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Levensloop bepalende kenmerken: Life history traits ........................................................................ 9
Hoorcollege 2: Populatie ontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 10
Mastjaren ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Verschil territorium/homerange ................................................................................................... 10
Samenstelling ................................................................................................................................ 10
Voortplanting ................................................................................................................................ 11
Visualisatie verloop leven (life history) ......................................................................................... 11
Populatie ontwikkeling onderzoek zwijn vs. Otter ........................................................................ 11
Moleculaire data ........................................................................................................................... 12
Absoluut ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Populatiegroei ............................................................................................................................... 12
Relatief .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Groeifactor .................................................................................................................................... 12
Demografie .................................................................................................................................... 12
1
, Voorspellen populatiegrootte ....................................................................................................... 13
Realistisch modelleren .................................................................................................................. 13
Van waarneming naar model ........................................................................................................ 14
Dichtheid onafhankelijke factoren ................................................................................................ 15
Dichtheid afhankelijke factoren, deze bepalen de draagkracht ................................................... 15
Populatie ontwikkeling rondom draagkracht ................................................................................ 15
Beheer(smaatregelen) uitvoeren .................................................................................................. 15
Hoorcollege 3: Populatie ontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 16
Rekenvoorbeeld ............................................................................................................................ 17
Invloed van condities (klimaat) op populatiegroei (dichtheidsONafhankelijk) ................................. 17
Voorbeeld sluipwesp ..................................................................................................................... 17
Gele okkernootbladluis ................................................................................................................. 17
Draagkracht kan fluctueren ........................................................................................................... 17
Invloed van condities (klimaat) op de draagkracht (resources) (dichtheidsONafhankelijk) ............. 17
Voorbeeld muizen ......................................................................................................................... 17
Voorbeeld bijen ............................................................................................................................. 18
Demografische levenspiramide. ........................................................................................................ 18
Dichtheidsafhankelijke regulatie ....................................................................................................... 18
Veranderingen in immigratie en emigratie (dichtheidsafhankelijk) ................................................. 19
Migratie 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Migratie 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Onderzoek immigratie/emigratie ...................................................................................................... 19
Hoorcollege 4: Predatie/competitie ...................................................................................................... 20
Effecten van een invasieve exoot soms per ongeluk ingevoerd. ...................................................... 20
Voorbeeld – Amerikaanse vogelkers (AV) komt overal voor. ....................................................... 20
Voorbeeld – Californische rivierkreeft .......................................................................................... 20
Competitie ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Intra/interspecifieke concurrentie .................................................................................................... 20
Competitie en niche .......................................................................................................................... 21
Fundementele niche...................................................................................................................... 21
Gerealiseerde niche....................................................................................................................... 21
Ecologische niche .......................................................................................................................... 21
Competitieve exclusion principle. Stong competitor/weak competitor. Natural selection. ........ 21
Resource partitioning. ................................................................................................................... 21
Character displacement ................................................................................................................ 21
Voorbeeld van resource partitioning. ........................................................................................... 21
2
, Situaties waarin competitive exclusion NIET optreedt: ................................................................ 22
Model: The Lotka-Voltera Competition......................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Predatie ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Strategieën van predator om prooi te vinden/opeten. ................................................................ 23
Effecten predator op prooi............................................................................................................ 23
Reactie prooi ................................................................................................................................. 23
Model (Lotka-Volterra=LV) ............................................................................................................ 23
Er zijn drie typen LV modellen....................................................................................................... 25
Interactie met andere predatoren ................................................................................................ 25
Hoorcollege 5: Intraspecifieke competitie ............................................................................................ 26
Competitive exclusion principle. ................................................................................................... 26
Resource partitioning. ................................................................................................................... 26
Character displacement ................................................................................................................ 26
Voorbeeld exploitation competition ............................................................................................. 26
Voorbeeld Waterleliehaantjes ...................................................................................................... 27
Waardplanten................................................................................................................................ 27
Specialisatie ................................................................................................................................... 27
Trade-off: eigrootte vs. Aantal ...................................................................................................... 28
Voorbeeld Guppy .......................................................................................................................... 28
r- strategie vs. K-strategie ................................................................................................................. 29
Topdown regulatie ........................................................................................................................ 29
Hoorcollege 6: Aanpassing & Selectie, Gedragsecologie ...................................................................... 30
Behavioul Ecology/gedragsecologie .................................................................................................. 30
Aanpassing en natuurlijke selectie (NS) ............................................................................................ 30
Basis. .................................................................................................................................................. 30
Nico Tinbergen: waarom vertoont een dier dit gedrag? ............................................................... 30
De vier vragen van Tinbergen:....................................................................................................... 30
Natuurlijke selectie en aanpassing ................................................................................................ 30
Voorbeeld pauw: Handicap Hypothese ......................................................................................... 31
Voorbeeld oogkleur: ...................................................................................................................... 31
Seksuele selectie ............................................................................................................................... 31
Belangen van vrouwtjes en mannetjes bij seksuele selectie zijn niet altijd hetzelfde:................. 31
Inter seksuele selectie ................................................................................................................... 31
Intra seksuele selectie ................................................................................................................... 32
Maximaliseren van fitness ............................................................................................................. 32
3
, Foerageer strategieën: .................................................................................................................. 32
Solitaire foerageer strategieën...................................................................................................... 32
Prooimodel: ................................................................................................................................... 32
‘Patch’ model (voedsel heterogeen verdeeld) .............................................................................. 32
Sociale foerageer strategieën........................................................................................................ 32
Mating-systems. ................................................................................................................................ 33
Soorten mating systemen ............................................................................................................. 33
Broedzorg ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Centainly of paternity. ................................................................................................................... 33
Manieren van bevruchting ............................................................................................................ 33
Ecologische factoren ..................................................................................................................... 33
Selectie op gedragseigenschappen ................................................................................................... 33
Fenotypische plasticiteit ................................................................................................................ 34
Predator induced morphological defences (PIMDs) ..................................................................... 34
Epigenetica ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Hoorcollege 7: Biodiversiteit en soortenrijkdom .................................................................................. 35
Meten van biodiversiteit ................................................................................................................... 35
Diversiteits index: Shannon-Weaver index of diversity (H)........................................................... 35
Rank-abundance diagram.............................................................................................................. 36
Kennis van Biodiversiteit in Nederland ......................................................................................... 36
Niche concept ................................................................................................................................ 36
Eiland theorie .................................................................................................................................... 37
Berust op twee eigenschappen: .................................................................................................... 37
Hoe groter een eiland.................................................................................................................... 37
Geisoleerdheid van eilanden, evolutie en soortenrijkdom ........................................................... 37
Opbouw soortenrijkdom ................................................................................................................... 37
Uiteindelijke soortenrijkdom ook beïnvloed door: ........................................................................... 37
Productiviteit ................................................................................................................................. 38
Concurrentie .................................................................................................................................. 38
Predatie-intensiteit en soortenrijkdom ......................................................................................... 38
Temporele variatie (klimaat/seizoenen/dagelijkse en verstoring) ............................................... 38
Meer gradiënten van soortenrijkdom ........................................................................................... 38
Belang biodiversiteit .......................................................................................................................... 38
Verschil biodiversiteit en soortenrijkdom ..................................................................................... 38
Verlies biodiversiteit...................................................................................................................... 39
MSA = Mean species abundance ................................................................................................... 39
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ToegepasteBuurman. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.04. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
76669 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now