AP Psychology All Terms With Correct Solutions 100%

Displacement - ANSWER defense mechanism by which people divert sexual or aggressive feelings for one person onto another person. Dissociation - ANSWER a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. Distinctiveness - ANSWER the phenomenon in memory that states we are better able to remember information if it is distinctive or different from other information. Divergent Thinking - ANSWER in problem solving, the process of widening the range of possibilities and expanding the options for solutions. Double Blind Study - ANSWER research method in which both the subjects and the experimenter are unaware or 'blind' to the anticipated results. Drive - ANSWER an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy a physiological need. Ego - ANSWER according to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. Ellis, Albert - ANSWER an American psychologist who developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Emotion - ANSWER a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. Emotional Intelligence (EQ) - ANSWER the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Encoding - ANSWER allows the perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain and recalled later from short term or long term memory. Episodic Memory - ANSWER a category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. Etiology - ANSWER the cause of a disease. Experimental Group - ANSWER in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. Experimental Method - ANSWER a method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor. Experimenter Bias - ANSWER expectation of the person conducting an experiment which may be affect the outcome. Expert Power - ANSWER results from one's specialized information or expertise. External Locus of Control - ANSWER the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. Extinction - ANSWER a term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals. Extrinsic Motivation - ANSWER a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. Factor Analysis - ANSWER a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. Family Therapy - ANSWER therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. Fetish - ANSWER an object believed to have magical powers; an object of unreasoning devotion or reverence. Fixation - ANSWER according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. Fixed Interval Schedule - ANSWER on operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. Fixed Ratio Schedule - ANSWER schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained. Flooding - ANSWER a behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears. Fluid Intelligence - ANSWER one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. Framing - ANSWER the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. Free Association - ANSWER in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. Frequency Effect - ANSWER the phenomenon in memory which states that we tend to remember information better if it is repeated. Freud, Sigmund - ANSWER this psychologist is often referred to as the father of clinical psychology. his extensive theory of personality development (psychoanalytical theory) is the cornerstone for modern psychological though and consists of (1) the psychosexual stages of development, (2) the structural model of personality (I'd, ego, superhero), and (3) levels of consciousness (conscious, subconscious, and and unconscious). See Psychoanalysis. Frontal Lobe - ANSWER a region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement. Frustration - ANSWER the internal state that accompanies the thwarting of an attempt to achieve some goal. Fundamental Attribution Error - ANSWER the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Gender Identity - ANSWER one's sense of being male or female. Gender Role - ANSWER a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. Gender Typing - ANSWER the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. Generalization - ANSWER a conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person. Gestalt - ANSWER an organized whole. This type of psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Gestalt Therapy - ANSWER an existentialist approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them. Group Polarization - ANSWER the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Group Therapy - ANSWER therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction. Group Think - ANSWER tendency for members of a group to think alike and suppress dissent. Gustation - ANSWER the sense of taste. Habituation - ANSWER decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. Hallucination - ANSWER a false perception of reality; a delusion. Halo Effect - ANSWER tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements. Health Psychology - ANSWER sub-field concerned with the use of psychological ideas and principles to enhance health, prevent illness, diagnose and treat disease, and improve rehabilitation. Heterosexuality - ANSWER sexual attraction to someone of the other sex. Heuristic - ANSWER a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. Higher Order Conditioning - ANSWER a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus. Homeostasis - ANSWER a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Homophobia - ANSWER fear of and prejudice against homosexuality. Homosexuality - ANSWER sexual attraction to someone of the same sex. Humanistic Therapy - ANSWER focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person; holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one's full potential. Hypnosis - ANSWER a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Hypnotherapist - ANSWER a trained, and often licensed, therapist who utilizes the therapeutic technique of hypnosis as part of a treatment regimen. Hypnotist - ANSWER an individual, most likely unlicensed, who uses hypnosis techniques or variations of these techniques for a variety of reasons, including treatment and/or entertainment. Hypothesis - ANSWER a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. Id - ANSWER in Freud's theory, the source of a person's instinctual energy, which works mainly on the pleasure principle. Illusion - ANSWER a false idea; something that one seems to see or to be aware that really does not exist. Imagery - ANSWER descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions. Inappropriate Affect - ANSWER display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation; a symptom of schizophrenia. Independent Variable - ANSWER the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Inductive Reasoning - ANSWER a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. Industrial/Organizational Psychology - ANSWER the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace and applies psychological theories and principles to organizations. Innate - ANSWER natural, inborn, inherent; built-in. Insight - ANSWER a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. Instinct - ANSWER a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. Intelligence - ANSWER the ability to learn from experience, to use information, to understand things. Intelligence Quotient [IQ] - ANSWER numerical measurement of intelligence, usually accomplished by some form of standardized testing. Internal Locus of Control - ANSWER the perception that you control your own fate. Intrinsic Motivation - ANSWER a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. Introversion - ANSWER a personality trait that signifies that one finds energy from internal sources rather than external ones. Just Noticeable Difference - ANSWER the threshold at which one can distinguish two stimuli that are of different intensities, but otherwise identical. Latent Learning - ANSWER learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Law of Effect - ANSWER Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. Learned Helplessness - ANSWER the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. Learning Theory - ANSWER based on the idea that changes in behavior result more from experience and less from our personality or how we think or feel about a situation. Legitimate Power - ANSWER power derived through one's position, such as a police officer or elected official. Libido - ANSWER sexual desire. Locus of Control - ANSWER a person's belief about the extent to which internal or external factors play a role in shaping his or her life. Long Term Memory - ANSWER the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Lucid Dream - ANSWER dream in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming while it is happening. Maturation - ANSWER biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. Mean - ANSWER average. Measure of Central Tendency - ANSWER a descriptive statistic that tells which result or score best represents an entire set of scores. Median - ANSWER middle number. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 2nd. Edition - ANSWER the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. MMPI-2 - ANSWER a widely used personality assessment instrument that gives scores on ten important clinical traits. Mode - ANSWER the value that occurs most frequently in a given data set. Motivation - ANSWER a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Naturalistic Observation - ANSWER observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. Negative Correlation - ANSWER a finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases. Neurotransmitter - ANSWER chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. Nightmare - ANSWER a scary dream. Nondeclarative Memory - ANSWER memory for skills, habits, emotional responses, and some reflexes. Norm - ANSWER principles of right action, binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior. Normal Curve - ANSWER the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. Object Permanence - ANSWER the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. Objective Techniques - ANSWER a generic term for the psychological procedures used to measure personality which rely on measurable or objective techniques such as the MMPI-2 and WAIS-III. Obsession - ANSWER fixation. Olfaction - ANSWER sense of smell. Operant Conditioning - ANSWER a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Overlearning - ANSWER continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it. Panic Attack - ANSWER anxiety disorders characterized as acute anxiety, accompanied by sharp increases in autonomic nervous system arousal, that is not triggered by a specific event. Perception - ANSWER the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Permissive [parents] - ANSWER parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children. Person Centered Therapy - ANSWER a humanistic thereapy, devopled by carl rogers, in which the therapist creates an accepting , empathic environment to facilitate the clients growth. Personality - ANSWER an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Persuasion - ANSWER a kind of speaking or writing that is intended to influence people's actions. Phobia - ANSWER an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. Placebo - ANSWER a fake drug used in the testing of medication. Placebo Effect - ANSWER experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. Plasticity - ANSWER ability to be molded. Pleasure Principle - ANSWER Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification. Population - ANSWER a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Positive Correlation - ANSWER a correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Prejudice - ANSWER a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. Primacy Effect - ANSWER the more accurate recall of items presented at the beginning of a series. Primary Reinforcer - ANSWER an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. Projection - ANSWER psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Projective Techniques - ANSWER a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality. Psychiatrist - ANSWER medical doctor who has specialized in treating psychological disorders. Psychoanalysis - ANSWER Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. Psychodynamic Therapy - ANSWER therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. Psychology - ANSWER the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Psychosis - ANSWER a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions. Punishment - ANSWER an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. Random Assignment - ANSWER assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. Random Sample - ANSWER a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. Range - ANSWER distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data. Rational Emotive Therapy - ANSWER a Cognitive Therapy based on Albert Ellis' theory that cognitions control our emotions and behaviors; therefore, changing the way we think about things will affect the way we feel and the way we behave. Rationalization - ANSWER defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. Reaction Formation - ANSWER psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. Recency Effect - ANSWER the more accurate recall of items presented at the end of a series. Reconstruction - ANSWER during psychoanalysis, the review and examination of past events which have resulted in current emotional problems. Referent Power - ANSWER power deriving from one's personal attraction. Regression - ANSWER psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. Rehearsal - ANSWER the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. Reinforcer - ANSWER in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. Reliability - ANSWER ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings. Representativeness Heuristic - ANSWER this cognitive short cut enables one to generalization based on how closely a stimulus matches a typical member of a class; given a picture of a man in a tweed jacket with a textbook, is this man a professor or a truck driver? Repression - ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Retrieval - ANSWER the process of getting information out of memory storage. Reward Power - ANSWER power that derives from the ability to reward. Rogers, Carl - ANSWER well known for the creation of Client-Centered Therapy, or Person-Centered Therapy or Rogerian Psychotherapy; this method of therapy emphasizes the person as the subject, rather than an object. The client-therapist relationship is not one where the therapist's role is to cure or change the person. Rather, the therapist's role is to create a positive relationship that the client may use as a means of personal growth. Rorschach Inkblot Test - ANSWER the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. Schema - ANSWER a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. Secondary Reinforcer - ANSWER any neutral stimulus that initially has no intrinsic value for an organism but that becomes rewarding when linked with a primary reinforcer Selection Bias - ANSWER errors in the selection and placement of subjects into groups that results in differences between groups which could effect the results of an experiment. Self Actualization - ANSWER according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential Self Efficacy - ANSWER one's belief in his or her own ability. Self Serving Bias - ANSWER the tendency to assign internal attributes to successes and external factors to failures. Semantic Memory - ANSWER a subdivision of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, including the meanings of words and concepts. Sensation - ANSWER the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. Sensory Memory - ANSWER the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. Sexual Orientation - ANSWER an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). Shaping - ANSWER an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. Short Term Memory - ANSWER activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Skinner, B. F. - ANSWER is best known for developing the theory of Operant Conditioning, which uses reinforcers or consequences to change behavior. (Rats trained in [ x ] Boxes). Social Facilitation - ANSWER change in behavior that occurs when people believe they are in the presence of other people. Social Loafing - ANSWER the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Social Psychology - ANSWER a specialty of psychology that focuses on the individual in relation to society and emphasizes how we think about, shape, and connect with one another. Social Roles - ANSWER shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave. Standard Deviation - ANSWER a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean. State - ANSWER condition of a system or entity that features a relative stability of its elements. State Dependent Memory - ANSWER the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness. (remembering an appointment when you're drowsy, might not remember again unless drowsy). Stimulus - ANSWER any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react in some way. Storage - ANSWER the process of maintaining information in memory over time. Stress - ANSWER a nonspecific, emotional response to real or imagined challenges or threats; a result of a cognitive appraisal by the individual. Stressor - ANSWER an environmental stimulus that affects an organism in physically or psychologically injurious ways, usually producing anxiety, tension, and physiological arousal. Sublimation - ANSWER defense mechanism by which people redirect socially unacceptable impulses toward acceptable goals. Superego - ANSWER the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. Supertraits - ANSWER Hans Eysenck's term for his two distinct categories of personality traits. They include Introversion-Extroversion and Neuroticism. According to Eysenck, each of us fall on a continuum based on the degree of each supertraits. Suppression - ANSWER holding back or restraining. Survey - ANSWER a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. Syllogism - ANSWER a form of deductive reasoning with a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion Systematic Desensitization - ANSWER a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. Tactile - ANSWER of or related to the sense of touch. TAT - ANSWER a projective test in which subjects look at and tell a story about ambiguous pictures. Temperament - ANSWER basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - ANSWER a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. Theory - ANSWER a hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data. Trait - ANSWER a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. Transference - ANSWER in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). Type A Personality - ANSWER personality characterized by (1) a strong competitive orientation, (2) impatience and time urgency, and (3) anger and hostility. Type B Personality - ANSWER personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior. Unconditional Positive Regard - ANSWER according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Unconditioned Response - ANSWER in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. Unconditioned Stimulus - ANSWER a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. Unconscious - ANSWER according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. Validity - ANSWER ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. Variable - ANSWER a factor that can change in an experiment. Variable Interval Schedule - ANSWER in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. Variable Ratio Schedule - ANSWER in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. WAIS-III - ANSWER most popular adult intelligence test, comprised of verbal and nonverbal scales, based on capacity to understand and cope with world, 60-90min, age 16-89. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition - ANSWER most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests. Wernicke's Aphasia - ANSWER damage in the temporal lobe; fluent speech but sentences don't make sense.