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Samenvatting SBG2 ALO HAN
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alle informatie voor het tentamen SBG2 op de ALO HAN Samenvatting van het boek en de hoorcolleges
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SBG2 ALO,Inhoudsopgave
Week 1: Leefstijl en gezondheid..................................................................................................................... 5
Gezondheid...........................................................................................................................................................5
Gezondheid Machteld Huber..........................................................................................................................5
Epidemiologie.......................................................................................................................................................6
Het in kaart brengen van de volksgezondheid................................................................................................6
Factoren...............................................................................................................................................................6
Epidemiologische breuk...................................................................................................................................6
Determinanten leefstijl.........................................................................................................................................7
BRAVO..............................................................................................................................................................7
Schijf van vijf/ The healthy eating pyramid..........................................................................................................7
Kcal (energie)........................................................................................................................................................8
Energiebalans...................................................................................................................................................8
Week 2: Hart en hart- en vaatziekten............................................................................................................. 9
Het cardiovasculair systeem................................................................................................................................9
Het hart................................................................................................................................................................9
Hartcyclus........................................................................................................................................................9
Anatomie van het hart...................................................................................................................................10
De bloedstroom door het hart......................................................................................................................11
Hartkleppen...................................................................................................................................................12
Het myocard (hartspier)................................................................................................................................13
Prikkelgeleidingssysteem...............................................................................................................................13
Het elektrocardiogram (ECG).............................................................................................................................14
Vier fasen van een hartslag...........................................................................................................................15
Externe controle van de hartactiviteiten.......................................................................................................15
Hartritmestoornis...............................................................................................................................................16
Hartcyclus...........................................................................................................................................................16
Slagvolume.........................................................................................................................................................16
Hartvolume (HMV).............................................................................................................................................17
HMV berekenen.............................................................................................................................................17
Het vasculaire systeem.......................................................................................................................................17
Bloeddruk...........................................................................................................................................................18
Vasodilatatie ruimte wordt groter................................................................................................................19
Vasoconstrictie ruimte wordt kleiner...........................................................................................................19
Verdeling van het bloed.....................................................................................................................................19
Intrinsieke regulatie van de doorbloeding....................................................................................................20
Extrinsieke regulatie van de doorbloeding....................................................................................................20
Geïntegreerde regulatie van de bloeddruk...................................................................................................20
Terugkeer van bloed naar het hart................................................................................................................20
Het bloed............................................................................................................................................................21
Bloedvolume en samenstelling......................................................................................................................21
Bloeddonatie..................................................................................................................................................22
Inspanning..........................................................................................................................................................23
Hart- en vaatziekte.............................................................................................................................................23
1
, Riscofactoren.................................................................................................................................................24
Invloed sport en bewegen op risicofactoren.................................................................................................24
Week 3: Longen, astma en COPD.................................................................................................................. 25
Het respiratoire en cardiovasculaire systeem....................................................................................................25
Externe en interne respiratie.........................................................................................................................25
Anatomie longen................................................................................................................................................25
Longventilatie.....................................................................................................................................................26
Zuurstofcirculatie...............................................................................................................................................28
Inspiratie en expiratie.........................................................................................................................................28
Longdiffusie........................................................................................................................................................30
Doorbloeding van de longen in rust..............................................................................................................30
Long-diffusie (wet van boyle).............................................................................................................................30
De respiratoire membraan.................................................................................................................................31
Het meten van longcapaciteit............................................................................................................................31
De partiële druk van gassen...............................................................................................................................32
Intrapulmonale druk......................................................................................................................................32
Gaswisseling in de alveoli..............................................................................................................................32
Zuurstofwisseling...........................................................................................................................................33
Transport van zuurstof en kooldioxide...............................................................................................................34
Zuurstoftransport..........................................................................................................................................34
Verzadiging van hemoglobine.......................................................................................................................34
De zuurstof transportcapaciteit van bloed....................................................................................................35
Kooldioxidetransport.....................................................................................................................................35
Bicarbonaationen...........................................................................................................................................35
Gaswisseling bij spieren.....................................................................................................................................35
Arterioveneus zuurstof verschil.....................................................................................................................35
Luchtwegaandoedingen.....................................................................................................................................35
1. COPD (Cronic Obstructive Pulmonay Disease)..........................................................................................36
2. Astma.........................................................................................................................................................36
3. Dyspneu (benauwdheid/kortademigheid)................................................................................................36
4. Hyperventilatie..........................................................................................................................................37
Week 4: Diabetes Mellitus........................................................................................................................... 38
Diabetes mellitus type 1.....................................................................................................................................38
Diabetes mellitus type 2.....................................................................................................................................39
Zwangerschapsdiabetes.....................................................................................................................................39
Gezondheidsproblemen door diabetes..............................................................................................................39
Insuline...............................................................................................................................................................39
Diabetes en lichamelijke activiteiten.................................................................................................................40
Vastleggen van diabetes....................................................................................................................................40
Bloedsuikerspiegel (bloedglucose).....................................................................................................................40
Referentiewaarde bloedglucose....................................................................................................................40
Hypoglykemie te kort aan suikers................................................................................................................40
Hyperglykemie te veel suikers......................................................................................................................41
Week 5: Overgewicht en Obesitas................................................................................................................ 41
2
, Oorzaken en gevolgen........................................................................................................................................42
Overgewicht en obesitas vaststellen..................................................................................................................42
Lichaamsstelling.................................................................................................................................................44
Vet(cellen)..........................................................................................................................................................44
RER Resoiratior Exchange Ratio = VC02/VO2.....................................................................................................44
Metabolisme......................................................................................................................................................44
Gezond afvallen..................................................................................................................................................45
Sport...............................................................................................................................................................45
Week 6: Zenuwstelsel en psychische aandoeningen.....................................................................................46
De bouw en functie van het zenuwstelsel..........................................................................................................47
Neuron...........................................................................................................................................................47
De zenuwimpuls.............................................................................................................................................48
Voltage en veranderding in permeabiliteit van ion tijdens een actiepotentiaal..........................................50
De synaps...........................................................................................................................................................51
Werking van synaps.......................................................................................................................................51
Neurotransmitters..............................................................................................................................................51
Hersenen............................................................................................................................................................52
Ruggenmerg...................................................................................................................................................54
Het perifere zenuwstelsel...................................................................................................................................54
Het sensorische deel (afferente)...................................................................................................................54
Het motorische deel (efferente)....................................................................................................................55
Het autonome zenuwstelsel (onbewust)......................................................................................................56
Sensomotorische integratie...............................................................................................................................57
De sensorische input.....................................................................................................................................57
Psychologisch aandoening.................................................................................................................................59
Depressie.......................................................................................................................................................59
Dysthymie......................................................................................................................................................60
Winterdepressie............................................................................................................................................60
Manisch-depressieve stoornis (bipolaire stoornis........................................................................................60
Diagnose en soort angststoornissen..................................................................................................................60
Angststoornissen...........................................................................................................................................60
Diagnose........................................................................................................................................................60
Week 7: Roken, alcohol en drugs.................................................................................................................. 61
Verslaving...........................................................................................................................................................61
Effecten van verdovende middelen op de communicatie tussen neuronen................................................61
Roken..................................................................................................................................................................62
Nicotine en de hersenen................................................................................................................................62
Alcohol................................................................................................................................................................63
Advies Gezondheidsraad géén alcohol of in ieder geval niet meer dan 1 glas per dag ....................................63
Overmatig drinken meer dan 14 (vrouwen) of 21 (mannen) glazen alcohol per week ....................................63
Zwaar drinken één keer per week of vaker minimaal 4 (vrouwen) of 6 (mannen) glazen alcohol op één dag
‘Bingedrinken’: Het af en toe, in korte tijd, een grote hoeveelheid alcohol drinken tijdens één gelegenheid,
waardoor het bloedalcoholgehalte tot boven de 0,8 promille stijgt. Dit komt bij mannen neer op 6 glazen in 2
uur en bij vrouwen op 4 glazen in 2 uur.............................................................................................................63
3
, Alcoholist Dat is iemand die sterk verlangt naar alcohol, wel wil maar niet kan minderen en blijft gebruiken
ondanks de schade die het gebruik oplevert......................................................................................................63
Alcohol en de hersenen.................................................................................................................................64
Alcohol en het evenwicht (vestibulum).........................................................................................................64
Drugs..................................................................................................................................................................65
Cannabis en de hersenen..............................................................................................................................65
4
, Week 1: Leefstijl en gezondheid
Gezondheid
Gezondheid verdeel je onder lichamelijk, sociaal en psychisch.
Gezondheid luidt als definitie gezondheid is een toestand van volledige fysieke, geestelijk
en sociaal welbevinden en niet van louter het ontbreken van ziekt.
Gezondheid wordt beïnvloed door verschillende factoren, we noemen ze
gezondheidsdeterminanten. Het Health Field Concept (Lalonde 1974) vat deze in 4
categorieën:
1. Biologische factoren
Factoren binnen het individu. Ze kunnen biologisch
bepaald of erfelijk zijn.
2. Voorzieningen in gezondheidszorg
De kwaliteit en organisatie van de gezondheidszorg
3. Leefstijl
Voedingsgewoonten, bewegingspatronen, het
omgaan met stress, alcoholgebruik, het omgaan
met relaties en persoonlijke zingevingen enz.
4. Omgeving
Samenstelling van vormgeving van woon, werk en schoolomgeving en voorzieningen
daarbinnen. Het omvat zowel de organisatie van de sociale verbanden waarin een
individu leeft en mee te maken heeft. Fysiek, sociaal cultureel, economisch en
politiek.
Gezondheid Machteld Huber
5
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