US History I Practice milestone 3 With Rationales

US History I Practice milestone 3 All of the following statements reflect planter paternalism in the early 19th century, EXCEPT . RATIONALE Planter paternalism rested upon the racist belief that African slaves were an inferior race incapable of caring for themselves. Therefore, according to this ideology, slaveowners were performing a social good by providing basic necessities for their slaves for life. On this basis, southerners argued that their society was superior to the North's, where workers relied on wages for survival and were left exposed to market forces beyond their control. CONCEPT The Northern Economy The Southern Economy 2 Place events in the correct sequence that allowed cotton to become the dominant cash crop in the South. 1. 2. 3. ● a. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. ● b. The bulk of American cotton went to England and to American textile mills in the Northeast. ● c. Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans secured American claims to the Deep South. RATIONALE The emergence of cotton as the dominant cash crop in the South occurred over time. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which mechanized the separation of cotton seeds, in 1793. Jackson's victory in 1815 encouraged western settlement in cotton growing areas and reinforced American control over the major port city of the Mississippi River. And the supply of cotton increased to meet demand as textile mills expanded in the Northeast, especially after the establishment of company towns like Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1820s. CONCEPT The Southern Economy 3 Which aspect of the Great Compromise best demonstrates the principles of republicanism? RATIONALE Recall that republicanism is defined as a political philosophy that requires that states should be governed by representatives. The Great Compromise demonstrates the principles of republicanism, in that it dealt with the question of how representation should be conferred. The Compromise established a Congress made up of two houses (bicameral), with representation in one house divided equally among the states and representation in the other accorded by population. CONCEPT Drafting the Constitution 4 Jefferson often used the term “empire of liberty." Choose the statement that best describes how he might explain this term. RATIONALE Jefferson used the phrase "empire of liberty" as an expression of his vision for the United States. To Jefferson, people in the United States should move westward and expand U.S. republican principles of self-government and individual liberty. By opening up private property ownership and a path to statehood in Western territories, the nation would serve as an example for the rest of the world. CONCEPT Looking West 5 Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had differing economic visions for the new nation in the late 18th century. Match each name with the statement reflecting his views. Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson ● A. Landowners and farmers provide the foundation for the economy, not merchants and manufacturers. ● B. It is the manufacturing industry that will lead to entrepreneurs and the establishment of a middle class. ● C. The first thing we must do is honor all of our debts and prove ourselves worthy of credit. RATIONALE As the Secretary of Treasury, Hamilton (a Federalist) developed a plan for stabilizing the economy that included establishing the nation's credit-worthiness by assuming states' debts and paying them off at face value. Hamilton also looked to the federal government and urban, commercial elite to foster economic development. Jefferson (an Anti-Federalist) rejected Hamilton's optimistic view of the commercial elite and believed that land-owning citizens, or yeoman farmers, held the key to American economic success and the longevity of the American republic. CONCEPT Federalists in Power 6 Choose the false statement about the nature of democratic politics in the early 19th century. RATIONALE Early 19th century American politics became more democratic as voting rights expanded nationwide among white male citizens, leading to changes in the political process and in styles of campaigning. The addition of new western states to the Union such as Kentucky contributed to this trend, as they granted the right to vote to all white men regardless of whether they owned property in an attempt to draw settlers. CONCEPT The Promise and Limits of Democracy The Sectional Crisis and the ʺCorrupt Bargainʺ of 1824 The Election of 1828 and the Rise of Andrew Jackson 7 To a merchant in 18th century New England, one weakness of the Articles of Confederation was . RATIONALE The Articles of Confederation was the first national government of the United States, drafted during the American Revolution. It created a fragile union - a "firm league of friendship" - among the states, and favored state sovereignty over a strong centralized government. Thus, the national government lacked key powers such as the power to regulate interstate commerce. A merchant whose livelihood depended on a stable economy would disapprove of the chaos generated by the 13 states, each independently regulating their own economies. CONCEPT Creating a Republic 8 Choose two statements that best characterize the controversial nature of the presidential administrations of Washington and Adams. RATIONALE The administrations of Washington and Adams absorbed the political debates taking place between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans in the 1790s. Democratic-Republicans criticized these administrations for centralizing power in the hands of a federal government dominated by elites at the expense of ordinary citizens and individual liberty. Partisan newspapers fed the flames of these political divisions. CONCEPT Partisan Politics 9 The Nullification Crisis increased tensions between the North and the South. Sort the statements as "true" or "false" about causes of this crisis. true false Some Southerners insisted on sovereign powers between the state and federal governments. The North sought to institute a national bank to print money and collect taxes. The South believed new tariffs on imported goods favored the North and hurt the South. RATIONALE The Nullification crisis began with the Tariff of 1828, which raised taxes on foreign manufactured imports. Many southerners viewed the tariff as benefitting northern commercial interests at the expense of southern farmers and slaveowners, who had no manufacturing capacity of their own. In response, John C. Calhoun and the state of South Carolina argued for their right to nullify federal laws that conflicted with their sectional interests, but this theory of nullification was rejected by President Jackson. CONCEPT The Election of 1828 and the Rise of Andrew Jackson 10 Choose the statement that was NOT a consequence of enacting the Indian Removal Act in 1830. RATIONALE The Indian Removal Act of 1830 required the removal of five southeastern Indian tribes to land west of the Mississippi River (present-day Oklahoma). It was supported by southern slaveowners and prospective cotton growers, who cheered the opening of land in the southeast to white ownership and cotton cultivation. As a result of this Act, racial slavery expanded throughout the Southeast, while forced removal and the subsequent "Trail of Tears" destroyed Native American cultures and caused the deaths of at least 4,500 Cherokee. CONCEPT Think About It: What Were the Consequences of Indian Removal? 11 Categorize the statements about governments as examples of beliefs associated with a "republic," "democracy," or "monarchy" form of government. republic democracy monarchy Many Americans believed this type of government led to oppression of the will of the people. This type of government featured societal elites who acted on behalf of the public interest. This type of government placed power in the hands of the majority. RATIONALE In a pure democracy, the people vote on policy and leadership directly and the majority rules. This is in contrast to a republic, which is a democratic form of government, but one in which the people vote for representatives to make policy in their best interest. A monarchy is a form of government with a single unelected official at its head. The monarch typically inherits his or her power, making him or her less responsive to the will of the people. CONCEPT Creating a Republic 12 The War of 1812 ended with the signing of the (A) , which restored prewar terms and prewar boundaries in the United States. A Treaty of Ghent Embargo Act Treaty of Paris American Indian Policy War Hawks Agreement RATIONALE The Treaty of Ghent, signed between the United States and Great Britain in 1814, ended the War of 1812. The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the French and Indian War and a second Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the American Revolution. CONCEPT The War of 1812 13 A factory owner in the North likely supported (A) because they believed that improvements in transportation and manufacturing would allow them to achieve (B) . A the private corporation paternalism free labor ideology B higher education political influence economic independence RATIONALE Alongside the economic transformations of the early 19th century, a free labor ideology developed around the notion that all men, through hard work, self-discipline, and innovation (such as that in transportation and manufacturing), could climb the economic ladder and achieve economic independence. A factory owner in the North would likely support this ideology. CONCEPT The Northern Economy 14 All of the following are reasons deference declined in American society after the American Revolution, EXCEPT . RATIONALE The American political system in the late 18th century was defined by a code of deference in which political leadership was exercised largely by "social betters" understood to have civic virtue, such as: property owners, military leaders, economic elites, or those with a family pedigree. This code of deference eroded as universal male suffrage expanded. The widespread expansion in voting rights occurred alongside a communications revolution (both print and telegraph) and a revolution in political campaigns to breed loyalty. CONCEPT The Promise and Limits of Democracy 15 Match the cultural transformation in early 19th century America with the statement that exemplifies it. Second Great Awakening temperance women's activism ● A. The creation of voluntary organizations has opened opportunities for us to participate more fully in civil society. ● B. It is time to reject traditional ties to Great Britain’s institutions and create our own denominations. ● C. Politics and public discourse must be reserved for only the most virtuous among us. ● D. Drunkenness has the potential to destroy the morality of our nation. RATIONALE The Second Great Awakening, a revival of evangelical Protestantism in the United States during the early nineteenth century, resulted in growing church membership in newer Protestant denominations such as the Methodist church. The temperance movement emerged in this time period to combat the excessive use of alcohol and the social issues that came along with overconsumption. Women, who were drawn in large numbers to the revivals of the Second Great Awakening, were active in moral reform movements (such as temperance and antislavery), giving them a more public role in civil life. CONCEPT Think About It: How Was American Culture Changing? 16 The Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans viewed the French Revolution with very different eyes. Rank the viewpoint as that of a "Federalist" or a "Democratic-Republican." This violent revolution highlights the dangers of democracy. The Citizen Genet affair shows that neutrality regarding France is in our nation’s best interest. RATIONALE The Federalists viewed the French Revolution as the natural result of direct democracy (“mobocracy") and expressed concern that the radicalism of the French Revolution would encourage similar violence at home. Democratic-Republicans, on the other hand, generally supported the efforts of the French to overthrow their monarchy. They saw these efforts as an extension of the spirit of the American Revolution. While the Democratic-Republicans were sympathetic to the French cause, the Federalists condemned the actions of Edmond-Charles Genet, who attempted to kindle American support for the revolutionary government in France. CONCEPT Looking East 17 A minister during the Second Great Awakening in America may have tied each individual’s right to choose redemption to (A) principles of personal liberty and (B) . A revolutionary religious federalist B equality economics morality RATIONALE Preachers of the Second Great Awakening rejected the doctrine of predestination and adherence to traditional church authority. Instead, they emphasized the personal conversion experience, study of the Bible, and the individual's ownership of his of her salvation. These principles meshed nicely with revolutionary beliefs associated with individualism, liberty, and equality. CONCEPT Think About It: How Was American Culture Changing? 18 Westward expansion in the United States in the late 1700s (A) Southern land owners. It also furthered the suffering of (B) . A harmed did little for benefited B slaves independent farmers Native Americans RATIONALE Westward expansion toward the Mississippi River, as well as into the territories acquired through the Louisiana Purchase after 1803, benefited Southern land owners by opening up new areas for cash crop cultivation. Many Southerners who moved westward transported or purchased slaves to grow and harvest these cash crops, enabling the expansion of slavery as an institution. CONCEPT Looking West 19 Martha formerly made fabrics by hand and would sometimes trade surplus materials for other desired goods at the local market. Now Martha works for wages in a mill that mass-produces fabrics in a system known as . RATIONALE One of the most significant economic transformations that occurred during the market revolution was the movement from the production of goods by artisans and skilled craftsmen to the mass-production of goods in factories, such as those established in Lowell, Massachusetts. The factory economy began to replace the household economy and the artisan system by the early 19th century. CONCEPT Market Revolution and Economic Changes 20 All of the following statements could be attributed to Andrew Jackson, EXCEPT . RATIONALE In many ways, Andrew Jackson symbolized the democratization of American politics in the early 19th century. He was a self-made man who grew up poor on the South Carolina frontier. He appealed to Democratic Party voters concentrated in the South and the West who felt the government privileged the interests of northern bankers and merchants over farmers and other ordinary citizens. His actions as president, such as his stand against the Bank of the United States, reinforced this perception, even as his critics accused him of abusing his power. CONCEPT The Election of 1828 and the Rise of Andrew Jackson The Bank War and the Rise of the Second Party System 21 Match the event with its political significance. Missouri Compromise Election of 1824 ● A. The House of Representatives chose a President who did not win the popular vote. ● B. Following this, support for a one-party system grew among voters. ● C. This resolved a major crisis in Congress over the balance of power between free and slave states. RATIONALE When Missouri applied for statehood in 1819, northern and southern politicians disagreed over whether to allow slavery to continue in the state. By accepting Missouri as a slave state and creating the free state of Maine, the Missouri Compromise temporarily settled this sectional crisis and maintained a balance of power in Congress between free and slave states. The Election of 1824 was notable for the failure of any presidential candidate to receive a majority vote. The election was therefore decided by the House of Representatives (according to the Constitution), which selected John Quincy Adams rather than Andrew Jackson, who won the popular vote. CONCEPT The Sectional Crisis and the ʺCorrupt Bargainʺ of 1824 22 Identify the statement as likely spoken by a "Federalist" or an "Anti-Federalist." Federalist Anti-Federalist "The diversity of the United States demands a national government with three distinct branches." “This proposed federal government is little different from being ruled by the British.” “A system of checks and balances will prevent each part of government from abusing its power.” RATIONALE During debates over the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, Federalists believed that a stronger federal government would better enable the United States to flourish. Anti-Federalists were suspicious that a strong central government would eventually replicate the tyranny of the British monarchy and trample upon individual liberty. Leading Federalists argued that the Constitution would protect individual liberty and prevent the abuse of power through a system of checks and balances, including the spreading of power over three branches of government. CONCEPT Visions of Government 23 Choose two areas of emphasis historians have used to interpret the Constitutional Convention. RATIONALE Recall that the way historians view or interpret an event changes over time, as research and perspectives evolve. Historians (such as Gordon Wood and Paul Gilje, among others) debate to what extent the delegates at the Constitutional Convention were motivated by personal economic interest or a more benign desire to establish a form of government best suited to balancing the corrupting influence of political power. CONCEPT Think About It: How Do Historians View the Constitutional Convention? 24 Match the statement related to the Bank War as reflective of the Democratic or the Whig Party. Democratic Party Whig Party ● A. To prevent anarchy, the United States should forge stronger ties to the banks of Great Britain. ● B. The Constitution does not authorize a concentration of political and economic influence in a single entity. ● C. An abuse of executive powers will lead to a tyrannical government and will not bring about economic growth. RATIONALE In the Bank War, the Democratic Party under Andrew Jackson opposed the continuation of the Bank of the United States, which they viewed as an institution that enriched the elite and was not authorized under the Constitution. The Democratic Party in general favored a smaller role for the national government. The Whig Party formed in opposition to Jackson, who they believed abused his executive power in a tyrannical fashion. The Whigs supported the Bank of the United States as an important institution for encouraging national economic growth. CONCEPT The Bank War and the Rise of the Second Party System 25 Choose "true" if the statement described a problem that faced the United States prior to the formation of the Constitutional Convention. Choose "false" if it did not. Because both Congress and the states printed paper money, American currency soon lost its value. Following the War for Independence, former Continental soldiers struggled to find work. RATIONALE The years immediately following the American Revolution were characterized by severe economic problems. For example, rampant inflation was caused by Congress and individual states unrestrainedly printing money to pay for the War for Independence. Soldiers in the Continental Army were among the hardest hit by inflation and the economic recession that accompanied it. The weak national government formed by the Articles of Confederation was unable to address this economic instability. This led many to conclude that a Constitutional Convention was needed to discuss alternatives to the Articles. CONCEPT Drafting the Constitution