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Summary Problems 1-7 Personality Psychology: Differences between People
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Summary Problems 1-7 Personality Psychology: Differences between People + class notes!
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PROBLEM 1FREUD
TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF MIND = The mind is divided in three parts:
1. CONSCIOUS
Part of the mind people are aware of, which is accessible through thoughts and perception
2. PRECONCIOUS
Ordinary memory that can be brough easily to awareness when a person wants – Past memories
3. UNCONSCIOUS
Part not directly accessible, it is source of desire, instincts, urgers and needs, traumatic events – It
influence the behavior and cannot be brought voluntary to conscious
STRUCTURAL MODEL OF MIND = The mind is divided in three levels:
1. SUPER-EGO (3-5 y/o)
Internalized morals, parental & societal values – Perfectionism
Works at all three level – Prevents ID impulses & forces EGO to act morally
Two sublevels:
o CONSCIENCE = Rules of bad behaviors
o EGO IDEAL = Rules of good behaviors
2. EGO (1½-3 y/o)
Follows the reality principle, considers risk and outcomes of the external word
Mediates between ID and SUPER-EGO but does not have enough moral sense
The delay of gratification/discharge happens when ID has tension for an object until is not found
Mainly act at conscious and preconscious level – Secondary processing
3. ID (0-18 months)
Pleasure principle = The needs must be satisfied immediately, otherwise there will be an aversive tension
feeling
Instinct and impulses that aims in gaining pleasure & avoiding pain
Completely unconscious - Primary processing
BALANCING = Ego has to balance the ID and SUPER-EGO, otherwise anxiety and stress arise
CONFLICTS AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS
ANXIETY = Warning signal for the EGO which responds and engage in coping mechanisms and increase in
problem orientating efforts
1. REALISTIC / OBJECTIVE - Ego
From danger in the real world (conscious, e.g., being afraid of a dog)
2. NEUROTIC – ID & EGO
The danger is that ego can lose control over and get punished for unacceptable desire of the ID
(unconscious, e.g., stealing)
3. MORAL – EGO & SUPER-EGO
Violating moral code - People who suffer from a very strong SUPER-EGO (unconscious)
All defense mechanisms are mainly unconscious and denies or distort reality in some way
,1. REPRESSION
Suppressing thoughts out of conscious awareness
Thoughts is not forgotten; a person is eventually unable to recall it
(e.g., a woman will “forget” (repress) the pain of childbirth in order to have more kids)
2. DENIAL
Refuse to believe a condition took place or exists
(e.g., deny having a shopping addiction after the partner confronts you about it)
3. PROJECTION
Project unacceptable qualities, unwanted traits to someone else
(e.g., getting angry at someone and projecting it to the partner)
4. RATIONALIZATION
Finding a rational explanation (excuse) for an unacceptable behavior
(e.g., not paying taxes saying it is for the better)
5. INTELLECTUALIZATION
Getting emotional detached from a fact
(e.g., woman who has a partner with cancer)
6. DISPLACEMENTS
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses to a non-threatening source
(e.g., a parent takes out the stress from their job on their child) XCHJ
7. SUBLIMATION
Transforming impulses to an acceptable form – Most mature
(e.g., watching a boxing game rather than punch someone)
8. REACTION FORMATION
Reaction the opposite way to what the (unwanted) impulses say
(e.g., one might lie that is feeling okay after a sad breakup)
9. UNDOING
Repairing an incorrect behavior by doing something good
(e.g., ignoring your child and then spoil him with presents )
10. ISOLATION
Paying attention to an event but detect any feeling
(different from intellectualization that involves research)
11. REGRESSION
Returning to an earlier level of functioning during stressful situation rather than proceed to next one
(e.g., sleeping with a teddy bear as an adult)
12. DISTORTION
Give meaning to objects that are related to one of your fears or instincts (e.g. Parents fight while there is a
spider -> Afraid of spiders)
CATHARISIS
Release of emotional tension
, Happens when the defense mechanisms fail to work
Rehearsing the buildup aggression/emotional tension
Applicable to all emotions
PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
Behavior is determined by past experiences that are left in the unconscious mind
Emphasis on childhood development and mental illness
PSYCHIC DETERMINISM = Nothing happens by change; our acts are determined by internal forces related to 2
basic instincts
EROS = Life instincts that deal with survival and reproduction – Takes energy from the libido
THANATOS = Death instincts that suggests that life naturally led to death and people have the desire to
return to nothingness (emptiness)
WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE UNCONSCIOUS
1. FREUDIAN SLIPS/PARAPRAXIS = Unconscious reveling of the self rather than mistakes
2. FREE ASSOCIATION = Saying whatever comes to mind to bring out the unconscious (without censorship)
3. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES = Using ambiguous stimuli (Rorschach inkblot test - Thematic Apperception TAT)
4. HYPNOSIS = A way of freeing the unconscious mind
5. DREAMS = Unconscious mind taking to the person - Symbolic and difficult to analyze:
o MANIFEST CONTENT - What dreams contain, images
o LATENT CONTENT - What the element represent, symbols
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
In every stage the energy of the libido focuses on a different erogenous zone
Each stage is characterized by a conflict that need to be resolved otherwise you will get stuck in a
developmental stage
FIXATION = Remaining excessively in a certain stage while the conflict is not resolved -> A part of the
psychic energy gets permanently invested in this part of the body
1. ORAL STAGE (0-2y/o)
Gratification through oral activities, such as sucking and babbling
Oral incorporative stage (0-6 months)= Several traits are developed during this period, dependent of the
mother
Oral sadistic stage (6-18 months) = Starts with teething, pleasure from biting
Fixation = Smoking, drinking and biting nails
2. ANAL STAGE (2-3y/o)
Pleasure in expelling and retaining feces – Toilet training
Learning how to respond to some of the demands of society such as bowel and bladder control
Fixation = OCD, messy/overclean
3. PHALLIC STAGE (3-7y/o)
Child learns differences between males and female and become aware of sexuality
Castration anxiety = Scared of losing the penis
Complex resolved then with SUPER-EGO
o Oedipal complex – Sexual interest for the mother
o Electra complex (Carl Jung) – Sexual interest for the father
Fixation = Either sexual really active or not at all
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