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Samenvatting Introductie tot Cognitive Modellen ()
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Samenvatting Introductie tot Cognitive Modellen ().
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2022-2023HOORCOLLEGES INTRODUCTIE TOT COGNITIEVE MODELLEN
Hoorcollege 1 – Wat zijn cognitieve modellen L. van Maanen
Cognitive models:
- Provide insights in human behavior
- Generate behavior as humans would, lijkt op human cognitive processing
- Often the goal to understand human behavior
Wat voor cognitieve processen? Memory, language, attention, decision making, …
Wat voor level of description? Neural, algorithmic, …
Herbert Simon: “To understand human behavior, one must simulate human behavior”
Cognitive Model: voorspelt, beschrijft, versimpelt datapunten en verklaart
Simpelweg een lijn door de datapunten trekken is geen goed model (geen versimpeling)
Power law of learning, de activatie is een functie van de tijden dat je de items opnieuw
herhaald. Hoe vaak je iets herhaald en wanneer voor het laatst, heeft effect op de kwaliteit
van leren. Activation-based retrieval latency
Powerfunctie: Li=Gtjd-1 (d: decay/ forgetting)
CM vs verbal theories (voordelen CM)
- Cognitive models precludes “hand waiving” (denk dat dit het is-praat)
- Some mechanisms are difficult or complex to describe verbally, so cognitive models
to understand complex dynamics
- Falsification through testable predictions
- Offers a cognitive interpretation of mechanics
CM vs statistical models (model zonder cognitieve interpretatie)
- CM requires a cognitive/ psychological interpretation
Model comparison; is this model better than other models?
Constraints on cognitive models
Structure of the brain: neuroscientific measurements
Function of the brain: behavioral measurements
Behavioral constraints; heel veel modellen bekijken response tijden:
- Soft constraint: RT should not be too large
- Hard constraint: RT cannot be negative
You can use physiological measures to add more constraints, pupil dilation, sleep deprivation
Neural constraints: similar to physiological measures, fMRI can help
Functional constraints: what is the cognitive mechanism that you are modeling intended
for?
Rational analysis: optimize the cost/ benefit
Bayesian observer models
Simplicity constraints
Occam’s razor: minimal model, necessary description?, sufficient description?
Opzoek naar model met minder parameters van de data, makkelijker te vergelijken, maar
better fitting is preferred
, 2022-2023
HOORCOLLEGES INTRODUCTIE TOT COGNITIEVE MODELLEN
ICM – Rationele analyse L. van Maanen
Hoorcollege 2
Brightenberg vehicles: beweegt naar het licht toe of van het licht af, afhankelijk van wiring in
de sensoren (“neural wiring”)
Six steps of RA (denkstappen voor rationele analyse op gedrag):
1. Identify goals for the cognitive system
2. Develop a model of the environment; wat zijn belangrijke aspecten van de omgeving
die samenhangen met het doel van het cognitief systeem
3. Make some assumptions about computational limitations
4. Derive optimal behavior function
5. Examine empirical evidence; laat zien dat agents of mensen daadwerkelijk zich zo
gedragen
6. Repeat… bij stap 5 gaat (meestal) blijken dat er dingen zijn die niet zijn meegenomen
in het model. Pas model hierop aan: (1)misschien zijn de doelen anders, (2)andere
eigenschappen van de omgeving die het gedrag bepalen dan gedacht, etc.
Anderson & Schooler (1991): reflections of the environment in memory
Forgetting if: P[activation] *gains < cost ?
p: “Need” probability – How likely is it that a particular piece of information is required in the
near future?
The rational analysis of memory, relates retrieval latency to environmental factors
- The number of occurrences
- The time of occurrences
Why? Under the assumption that memory maintains a cost/benefit ratio
An explanation of the shape of the power law of learning; under the assumption that practice
events are evenly spaced. A theory of the shape of the power law of learning
Six steps of RA in memory:
(1) goal: retrieval of relevant information from memory
(2) environment: frequency and recency determine need-probability but also spacing
(3) computational limitations: serial search through memory
(4) optimal behavior would be to stop memory search when need probability kosten is lager
dan de waarde dat het je oplevert. pG <C vergeten als het je meer kost om te onhouden dan
het je oplevert (minder oplevert dan dat het kost)
(5) empirical evidence: power function
(6) repeat: identify cases that are not predicted by the model
Spacing effect (conflict met predictions van ‘simple’ RA model):
- Spreading out (spacing) to-be-learned facts over times improves recall, for the same
number of repetitions. Keppel’s experiment, massed learning presteert slecht bij
retrieval one week after learning en distributed learning presteert niet significant
slechter dan na one day.
, 2022-2023
HOORCOLLEGES INTRODUCTIE TOT COGNITIEVE MODELLEN
Another example of rational analysis (niet alleen geheugen)
reasoning
Reasoning is one of the most important cognitive mechanisms.
Wason Selection task: if a card has a vowel (p), it has an even number(q) on the other side.
Check p and check not-q
Rational analysis of rule verification
- Events are rarer than not-events
- This means that the cost/benefit ratio of checking a card differs for cards that follow or
not follow the rule
- To counter, humans maximize the expected information gain. (EIg)
Humans maximize information gain. Select cards with larges IG, checking is costly,
optimize behaviour (which cards to turn EIg(p) > EIg(q) > EIg(not-p) > EIg(not-q), examine
empirical evidence and adjust (repeat)
Bounded rationality: keuze in kaarten in Watson onderzoek, wijst uit dat we niet logische
redenatie volgen, maar rationele redenatie hebben.
Practical RA
With repetitions, the accuracy of recall increases and the latency decreases.
F= scaling parameter
theta = retrieval threshold
T= non-retrieval time
s= noise
d= decay of activation
Zwart = lage waarde van desbetreffende var.
blauw = hoge waarde ‘’
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