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College 2. Key concepts in ocean and coastal governanceTragedy of the commons
Is applicable on all shared resources which are not formally regulated. The question is: how to
prevent overexploitation?
How to prevent overexploitation?
- Common property governed by a centralized government MPA
- Private property – e.g. quotas, licenses.
Idea of commons is an important concept. Is the marine environment common or private? Are there
governmental regulations?
3 nautical mile, territorial sea: belongs to the country waaraan het vastzit. 1 nautical mile is ongeveer
2 km. Vroeger werd alleen dit gereguleerd.
12 nautical mile, Exclusive economic zone EEZ.
200 nautical mile: high seas.
Governmental authority decreases with every step, most authority in the territorial sea, least in the
high seas.
Territorial seas: tot 12 nautical mile.
EEZ: An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine
resources, including energy production from water and wind.[1] It stretches from the baseline out to
200 nautical miles (nmi) from its coast. In colloquial usage, the term may include the continental
shelf. The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nmi
limit. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first
confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which
refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. The surface waters, as can be seen in
the map, are international waters.
Territorial waters, or a territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea,[1] is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) from
the baseline (usually the mean low-water mark) of a coastal state. The territorial sea is regarded as
the sovereign territory of the state, although foreign ships (both military and civilian) are allowed
innocent passage through it; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below.
Adjustment of these boundaries is called, in international law, maritime delimitation.
Oceans, seas, and waters outside of national jurisdiction are also referred to as the high seas
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