Example within psychiatry in the 50s-60s that was influential in the development of anti-
psychiatry. What was one of the goals of anti-psychiatry?
Influences were: lobotomy, electroshock therapy, the Rosenhan-experiment.
Goals: More focus on patient rights and integrity; Hospitalization should be minimized and targeted
toward reintegrating into society; Prevention of hospitalization and options to provide care outside
of the hospital.
Offering psychological care instead of blankets after a disaster (such as a Tsunami), is an
example of (a) the ideographical approach; (b) psychologization; (c) bracketing.
Psychologization. This refers to (among others) the growing role of psychology in society. In this
case, it pertains to how we respond to disasters.
The Hawthorne studies (1924-1932), although not free from methodological shortcomings,
can be seen as the start of a movement. Which one? State which occupation emerged from
this in the 80s.
Human relations movement. Human resource (HR) management.
Name one of more founders of pragmatism.
Charles Pierce, William James and/or John Dewey.
Indicate the difference between a progressive and a degenerative research program.
Who introduced these terms?
Progressive research program: a paradigm that allows the formulation of new hypotheses and
predictions and thus allows unexpected results.
Degenerative research program: a paradigm that does not allow the formulation of new hypotheses
and predictions. An increasing number of post-hoc changes are necessary to tackle unexpected
findings. These terms were introduced by Lakatos in 1970.
Some scientists assert that ideas about how the world works are created, not discovered.
Explain whether these scientists would be proponents of realism, idealism or skepticism.
Idealism states that knowledge about the world is created (as a subjective or social construct).
Realism asserts that knowledge is discovered instead of created. Skepticism says that we cannot
conclude anything about the external world, because humans do not have reliable knowledge about
it.
, ‘I have noticed that students often start studying for exams too late. What follows from this is
that students only get to work once the deadline is near.’ Explain if this is an example of
inductive or deductive reasoning. How would logical positivists test the above observation?
Induction: a conclusion is drawn that is plausible (not necessarily true), based on multiple similar
observations.
Logical positivists would research this by setting up an experiment to verify a specific prediction
based on observable variables For example by comparing 2 groups of students, where 1 group can
select an exam date and the other has an exam date that has already been determined. They would
see if the latter group was more likely to have begun studying in the week before the exam than the
former.
“Addiction is a social construct”. Explain what is meant by this. Is this statement more likely
to have been said by a modernist/postmodernist/realist/pragmatist or skepticist?
Social constructionists say that a concept like addiction does not refer to things in the physical
world, but to a concept we created. We basically agreed on what we call addiction (a combination of
DSM-criteria or a state of not being able to inhibit behaviors). But the fact that we have a word for
this construct does not mean addiction actually exists or is traceable in the brain.
Postmodernists say that scientific knowledge is a social construct.
Explain what falsification is and what is required to make a statement falsifiable.
Falsification is trying to refute your research hypothesis. To do this, you need a concrete and
testable formulation, one that is specific.
Put the following in (chrono)logical order: Feyerabend – Popper’s falsification criterion -
Kuhn - van Fraassen - Lakatos - Wiener Kreis.
Wiener Kreis (1920-1938) – Falsification criterion - Kuhn (1922-1996) - Lakatos (1922-1974) -
Feyerabend (1924-1994) - van Fraassen (1941-now).
Indicate how the influence of logical positivism can be seen in behaviorism.
Variables are observable behavior. Mentalistic concepts (which cannot be observed or measured,
according to behaviorists) should be avoided.
How can the influence of hermeneutics be seen in psychoanalysis?
In the fact that psychoanalysis attempts to understand the individual’s mind, by interpreting
observations (dreams, memories, Freudian slips etc.).
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