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Summary of all NMC lectures including summary of all literature
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All lectures summarized including the accompanying articles. Summary of the 2022/2023 school year.
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New Media ChallengesLecture 1 – Introduction, utopian and dystopian views on media
infiltration
Media trends over the years:
- Traditional media consumption is going to be more digitalized.
- Media consumption on the mobile phone is rising
Utopia: a community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its
citizen
Dystopia: a community or society that is undesirable or frightening
Functions of utopian worldview
- Optimism about the future
- Strong belief in technological development
- Push to invest in technological developments
- Cultural change toward individuation and individual empowerment
4 Industrial Revolutions
‘’A rapid major change in an economy marked by the general introduction of power-driven
machinery or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines.’’
1. First Industrial Revolution [1760-1820]
Mechanical production, railroads, and steam power
Utopia: people became more mobile, which opens rural areas
Dystopia: cows could get scared because the train went 30 km/hr
2. Second Industrial Revolution [1870-1914]
Mass production, electrical power, and the advent of the assembly line
Utopia: more people would be able to get their hands on goods, people would get jobs
Dystopia: increase gap between the elite and the poor
3. Third Industrial Revolution [1969-???]
Automated production, electronics, and computers
Utopia: science would benefit: calculations could be done that human couldn’t
Dystopia: this will take away human jobs
4. Fourth Industrial Revolution [2012 -???]
Artificial intelligence, big data, robotics, nanotechnology, quantum computer, biotechnology,
3D printing, the internet of things, autonomous vehicles and more to come.
Lecture 2 – Introduction to online privacy
“Introduction to privacy online”
Losing privacy = threatening experience
Privacy embraces:
- Soltitude (eenzaamheid/afzondering)
- Personal space
, - Intimacy with family and friends
Privacy leverages well-being: without privacy we are at risk of becoming physically or mentally ill
Need of privacy is contrasted by a second powerful mechanism of social interaction: Self-closure to
others is similarly important for social functioning and psychological well-being. Lack of ability to self-
disclose causes:
- Loneliness
- Depression
Known audiences and unknown audiences
It is common to have access of personal information, status updates and private pictures of a profile
owner. Those are known audience.
Advertisers who purchase an aggregated profile information from social media companies to address
their target audiences are unknown audiences.
Many users appear not to feel threatened in terms of their need for and experiences of privacy when
communicating online. They publish a vast amount of information that is private/intimate. They are
aware on an abstract level; many feel free to speak about it.
“Self-disclosure in social media: Extending the functional approach to disclosure motivations
and characteristics on social network sites”
Self-disclosure is an aspect of communication that involves intentionally sharing personal
information about ourselves with another person—information that others generally could not
know without us sharing it.
Disclosures directed at a familiar other, are associated with relational development goals more than
disclosures directed at general others. People pursue greater social validation goals in nondirected
status updates compared to directed wall posts and private messages. Social validation goals are
more salient in public wall posts compared to private messages. Disclosure goals are expected to
affect disclosure intimacy. Less intimate disclosures are associated with social validation goals
compared to other self-disclosure goals. Representations of interaction partners serve as situational
cues that activate different relational goals, even without a partner’s physical presence. Impression
management is a salient goal in broadcasting disclosures, and relational development is a prominent
goal in dyadic disclosures.
What is privacy?
Privacy is defined by cultures
privacy is defined by times (for example nudities)
Privacy is defined by individuals
Uncertainty avoidance = The extent to which a society or group relies on social norms, rules, and
procedures to minimize the unpredictability of future events / De mate waarin een samenleving of
groep vertrouwt op sociale normen, regels en procedures om de onvoorspelbaarheid van
toekomstige gebeurtenissen te minimaliseren.
Three theoretical perspectives of privacy
1. Westin | Political-scientific approach privacy in interaction with others
, Privacy is a basic need which helps us adjust to day-to-day (piramide van maslov)
Privacy is a dynamic process (we regulate privacy so as to serve momentary needs and
role requirements)
Privacy is non-monotonic (you can have such a ting as too little, just enough, or not
enough privacy)
Privacy is “The claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves
when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others”
Privacy has 4 purposes (or objectives) and 4 states:
Westin: Four purposes of privacy
Functions of privacy | What is privacy for?
1. Personal autonomy: not being manipulated
Realization of individual choices, personal development, and stable relationships
2. Emotional release: freedom from roles and outside expectations
Opportunities to relax/to let go, to escape from stress, to be oneself, anger, grief,
frustration, etc.
3. Self-evaluation: freedom to think, process information and make plans
Process and evaluate information, make/change plans, and be creative.
4. Limited and protected boundaries: ability to limit who has access to what
information
You are in control what to share, with whom and when
Westin: Four states of privacy
1. Solitude: No observation from others (observation) (singing in the bathroom)
2. Reserve: The right not to share some information, respected by others (identification)
(allowing cookies)
3. Intimacy: A small group of people with a strong bond (observation)
4. Anonymity: The right not to be identified (identification)
2. Altman | Psychological approach Privacy for the self (wellbeing and identify regulation)
Irwan Altham formulated the Privacy Regulation Theory, which aimed at
understanding why individuals alternate between states of sociality and solitude.
Privacy is ‘a selective control of access to the self or to one’s group.’
Five elements of privacy:
Altman: Five elements of privacy
1. Dynamic process
Individuals regulate what they want to share, depending on the situational or social
context.
2. Individuals vs group levels
Individuals perceive their own privacy differently from that of their
community/family.
3. Desired vs actual level
Level of privacy might be lower/higher than the one other individual has in the given
context. Politicians have a professional role and are selective with what they want to
share with their followers – they tell you everything about their political life but not
so much about their personal life.
4. Non-monotonic
There is such a thing as both too much and too little privacy (like going to a sauna,
with whom do you want to be in a sauna? Someone you don’t know or someone
who you really close to)
5. By-directional (inwards and outwards)
, Individuals might have different sensitivities for their actions towards others’ privacy
and other’s actions towards them (parents would walking to a room with young
children, but are less likely to walk into a room with teenagers without knocking on
the door)
3. Petronio | Communication approach Privacy as information ownership and sharing
Communication Privacy Management (Communication Boundary Management).
Privacy is ‘the selective control of access to the self
We need to regulate boundaries we put between ourselves and others.
Thick boundary: if I share information, no one else can know about this
Thin boundary: if I share information, with others, I trust them with it, and they can
share it with who they want.
Context collapse
The phenomenon where technology flattens multiple audiences into one (Instagram friends)
= The flattening out of multiple distinct audiences in one’s social network, such that people from
different contexts become part of a singular group of message recipients: while audiences online are
diverse and complex, the information users share tends to present a single, individual identity.
Example: My social media “friends” consist of different groups, like work and home etc., but they
belong to the same category as “Instagram friends”
In practice, this means that:
- While audiences online are diverse and complex
- … the information users share tends to present a single, individual identity
: Ziekmelden en zeggen dat je covid hebt, terwijl je een kater hebt van het zuipen met je
vrienden. Je hebt niet in de gaten dat je vriend je collega is.
We are bad in estimating our audience: We are underestimating it.
Lecture 3 – Perzonalizaton, privacy concerns and information sharing
“The role of privacy fatigue in online privacy behavior. Computers in Human Behavior”
Privacy fatigue = Privacy fatigue reflects a sense of weariness toward privacy issues, in which
individuals believe that there is no effective means of managing their personal information on the
Internet.
Privacy fatigue has a stronger impact on privacy behavior than privacy concerns do. A higher level of
privacy concern will result in less intention to disclose personal info and less disengagement. A higher
level of privacy fatigue will result in higher intention to provide personal info and higher
disengagement (this relation is stronger): I’ll let it go, they will get my information anyway.
Question | Interaction effect
Is the effect of privacy concern on the intention to disclose information weaker for people with high
privacy fatigue, or weaker for those with love privacy fatigue?
Answer
The negative relationship between privacy concern and two variables related to online privacy
behavior is weaker when privacy fatigue is higher. You can see this in the slope for the people with
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