Summary of the chapters of Ultee we need to know for the exam, and the additional readings required.
One remark: I think I was rather short on the article of Greenhalgh, Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations. I did mention the main points, but I d...
0HV80 HTI in Social Context | Summary
Contents
Book Ultee Chapter 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Sociology before sociology................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 The Problem of Order ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 The Birth of Utilitarian Individualism ................................................................................................................................ 4
The Core of Utilitarian individualism ................................................................................................................................. 4
Hobbes’ Elaboration of the Core of Utilitarian Individualism ............................................................................................ 4
The situation in which there is a sovereign state: ............................................................................................................. 5
Smith’s Elaboration of the Core of Utilitarian Individualism ............................................................................................. 5
Bentham’s Specific Predictions from General Hypotheses ............................................................................................... 5
Book Utlee Chapter 4 .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.1 An Initial Decomposition of the Problem of Inequality .................................................................................................... 5
4.2 The Core of Historical Materialism ................................................................................................................................... 6
4.3 Classic Historical Materialism ........................................................................................................................................... 6
4.4 Revisionism ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.7 Why No Socialism in the United States (Sombart’s Mobility Hypothesis)? ...................................................................... 7
4.9 Mobility as a sub question of the problem of inequality.................................................................................................. 7
Book Ultee Chapter 5 .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.1 The Parts of the Problem of Cohesion .............................................................................................................................. 8
5.2 The Core of Structural Functionalism ............................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Durkheim’s Theory of Integration ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Integration in Religious Associations ................................................................................................................................. 9
Integration in Other Intermediary Groupings .................................................................................................................... 9
The Structure of Durkheim’s Integration Theory ............................................................................................................... 9
5.5 Parson’s socialization- and internalization hypothesis ................................................................................................... 10
5.6 Durkheim’s Theory of Anomie ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Utz, Matzat, Snijders | On-line Reputation Systems: The Effects of Feedback Comments and Reactions on Building and
Rebuilding Trust in On-line Auctions ................................................................................................................................. 10
Intro ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Theoretical Background ........................................................................................................................................................ 10
Trust and Reputation Systems ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Reparation of Trust .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Results ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
General Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Book Ultee Chapter 12 ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
12.5 Individual and Collective Rationality According to Utilitarianism ................................................................................ 11
0HV80 HTI in Social Context | Summary
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, The Distinction Between Private and Collective Goods ................................................................................................... 11
The Prisoners’ Dilemma Elucidated ................................................................................................................................. 12
The Prisoners’’ Dilemma Applied ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Uwe Matzat New Media & Society A Theory of Relational Signals in Online Groups ........................................................ 13
Online Communities: Lack of Knowledge About The Effects of Group Characteristics ....................................................... 13
Online Groups and Typical Problems of Interaction ............................................................................................................. 13
Common Goals and Individual Goals ............................................................................................................................... 13
Two Types of Interdependency........................................................................................................................................ 13
Three Typical Problems in Online Group Interaction ...................................................................................................... 13
Relational Goals, Relational Signals and the Shaping of Online Interaction ........................................................................ 13
Sending Three Kinds of Signals During Online Interaction .............................................................................................. 14
Three Types of Social Control: From Weak/indirect to Strong/direct ............................................................................. 14
Effects of Social Control Dependent on Group Conditions .............................................................................................. 14
A Theory-Based Typology of Online Group Structures ......................................................................................................... 14
Dependency Leads to Interest in the Relationship .......................................................................................................... 14
Social Embeddedness of the Online Group ..................................................................................................................... 14
Multi-functionality of the Online Group .......................................................................................................................... 15
Social Control and the Different Types of Online Groups ................................................................................................ 15
Theoretical Foundation for Short-term and Long-term Design of Online Communities................................................. 15
Opportunities for, and limitations of, the social shaping of online communities ........................................................... 15
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Experimental Evidence of Massive-scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks – Kramer et al .......................... 16
Book Ultee Chapter 9 Rationalization ............................................................................................................................... 17
9.1 The Uniqueness of the Western World .......................................................................................................................... 17
9.2 The Partition of the Problem of Rationalization ............................................................................................................. 17
9.3 Earlier answers and a New Sub-question ....................................................................................................................... 18
9.4 An Interpretative Answer................................................................................................................................................ 19
The Core ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
The full-blown Theory ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
9.5 The Theory of World-views and its Tests ........................................................................................................................ 20
Diffusion of Preventive Innovations – Everett M. Rogers .................................................................................................. 21
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
2. The Diffusion Model .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
3. Preventive Innovations ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
4. Strategies for Diffusing Preventive Innovations ............................................................................................................... 22
5. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations – Greenhalgh................... 22
What’s Wrong with the Diffusion of Innovation Theory? - Lyytinen ................................................................................. 24
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
0HV80 HTI in Social Context | Summary
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, 2. Diffusion of Complex and Networked Technologies: The Case of EDI ............................................................................. 25
3. Six Conjectures of Diffusion Theory Reconsidered ........................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Technologies are not Discrete Packages .................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 Technologies do not Diffuse in a Homogenous and Fixed Social Ether ..................................................................... 26
3.3 The Diffusion Rate is not Solely a Function of Push and Pull forces .......................................................................... 26
3.4 Choices are not Functions of Available Information, Preference Functions and Adopter’s Properties .................... 26
3.5 Diffusion does not Necessarily Traverse Through Distinct Stages, Which Exhibit no Feedback ............................... 26
3.6 Time Scales are not Necessarily Short and the History of Decisions is not Unimportant ......................................... 26
4. Discussion and Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World – Easley ................................................... 27
Chapter 1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
1.1 Aspects of Networks .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Chapter 2 Graphs .................................................................................................................................................................. 28
2.1 Basic Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.2 Paths and Connectivity............................................................................................................................................... 28
2.3 Distance and Breadth-First Search ............................................................................................................................. 29
Chapter 3 Strong and Weak Ties ........................................................................................................................................... 29
3.1 Triadic Closure ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
3.2 The Strength of Weak Ties ......................................................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Tie Strength and Network Structure in Large-Scale Data .......................................................................................... 30
3.4 Tie Strength, Social Media, and Passive Engagement ............................................................................................... 31
Social network thresholds in the diffusion of innovations – Valente ................................................................................ 32
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
2 Network Thresholds ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
3 Adopter Categories ............................................................................................................................................................ 33
4 External Influence .............................................................................................................................................................. 33
5 Empirical Analyses.............................................................................................................................................................. 33
In grey: we don’t need to know for the exam.
0HV80 HTI in Social Context | Summary
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,Book Ultee Chapter 2
2 Sociology before sociology
Greek logos (speech) + Roman socius (companion) = sociology, the science that specializes in
investigating human societies.
2.1 The Problem of Order
Hobbes’ problem is a long-standing question in sociology
According to Hobbes’ solution to the problem of order, every human being has particular desires and
aversions. The state of nature: persons when left to themselves, will pursue with all available means
their own interests, even if this is at the expense of others. The state is the structure when people
agree on avoiding violence. The Sovereign is the person embodying the state.
2.4 The Birth of Utilitarian Individualism
Individuals: people that maximize their utility
The Core of Utilitarian individualism
1. Each feature of every society is the outcome of certain acts performed by its inhabitants
under certain circumstances;
2. these individuals have specific goals,
3. they have a particular but always limited amount of means,
4. and these individuals employ their means in such a way that they approach their goals as
closely as possible (they choose the act which maximizes their utility);
5. the circumstances under which people act, affect the extent to which they reach own their
goals in the short run,
6. and the extent to which they reach them in the long run, as well as the extent that other
reach their goals.
Hobbes’ Elaboration of the Core of Utilitarian Individualism
1. One feature of societies is the extent to which life for its members is peaceful or marked by
bloodshed;
2. the first priority of the members of a society is to avoid death and injury; their next one is to
assuage hunger and quench thirst; and their third one to secure wealth, knowledge, and
honor;
3. almost all members of a society possess physical force;
4. threatening others with and using physical force against others,
5. in the state of nature in the short run helps persons to realize their priorities,
6. and in the long run causes every member of society to die a premature and violent death.
0HV80 HTI in Social Context | Summary
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, The situation in which there is a sovereign state:
1. One feature of societies is the extent to which life for its members is peaceful or marked by
bloodshed;
2. the first priority of the members of a society is to avoid death and injury; their next one is to
assuage hunger and quench thirst; and their third one to secure wealth, knowledge, and
honor;
3. almost all members of a society possess physical force;
4. threatening others with and using physical force against others,
5. in sovereign states in the short run has as a consequence that persons no longer realize their
priorities to the extent that they might in the state of nature,
6. and penalization by the sovereign has as a long-run effect that life in sovereign states is
more peaceful than in the state of nature.
Smith’s Elaboration of the Core of Utilitarian Individualism
1. Another feature of societies is its level of prosperity;
2. people first go after the necessaries of life, than after conveniences, and finally after
luxuries,
3. and the means people possess are instruments of production, natural resources, and labour
power;
4. acts that maximize utility,
5. if everyone has the rights to enter any market, not only have as an effect that in the short
run particular persons reach their goals as closely and cheaply as possible,
6. but also that other persons in the long run realize their ends more.
Bentham’s Specific Predictions from General Hypotheses
(1) Each member of every society perform those acts from which they expect the highest
gratification and the least distress.
(2) Trespassing a law of a society is an act.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) The more the distress of breaching a society's law surpasses the gratifications of doing so, the
less likely this law will be broken.
(4) More severe penalties by a society's judges, and higher chances of being caught by a its police,
increase the distress of trespassing a law.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) The more severe the penalties are that a society's judges assign to a transgression to one of its
laws, and the more likely its police arrests a person who violate this law, the less frequently this law
will be disobeyed by this society's inhabitants.
Book Utlee Chapter 4
Inequality
4.1 An Initial Decomposition of the Problem of Inequality
The problem of inequality: “Who gets what and why?”
Historical materialism: Societal phenomena (like inequality) are to be explained by the way people
make their living. Changes in their means of subsistence determine the course of history
General law of capitalist accumulation: The hypothesis that the growth of the total amount of
capital (individual ownership of factory halls and machines) in a society, is accompanied by more and
0HV80 HTI in Social Context | Summary
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