Summary Criminology Unit 3 (AC1.2) - Crime scene to courtroom - Controlled assessment notes
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Course
Crime Scene to Courtroom
Institution
WJEC
These are summary notes on the whole of AC1.2, they include: Definitions, explanations, strengths, limitations & the usefulness of investigative techniques. The notes include information on different types of profiling, forensics, surveillance, databases and interviews (I've also included statistic...
Working out the characteristics Forensic science has changed Surveillance is used in majority Databases store information for Police interview those who
or location of an offender by drastically over the past 100 of investigations; it is used to the police (Allowing easy were at the scene of the crime
examining their modus years, as there is more monitor behaviour and gather access). The information is or have expert knowledge on a
operandi. knowledge on how to preserve information on criminal saved on computers and topic relating to the scene.
Definition “A collection of inferences DNA at a crime scene. Police activity. servers, it is confidential. There are 2 kinds of interviews;
about the qualities of a person now attend a crime scene with Eye-witness testimonies and
responsible for a crime” a variety of forensic experts, Expert witnesses.
(Petherick & Turvey, 2012) who assist the investigation.
Geographical DNA CCTV UK National DNA Database Eye-witness testimonies
Relies on data and statistics to Also called Deoxyribonucleic Also called closed circuit TV Contains genetic information (EWT)
analyse the location of crimes acid is chemical that contains a or video surveillance. It is used that is collected by different Statements given by a member
and make suggestions on where person's genetic information by police to gain access to agencies. The information is on of the public who witnessed a
the offender lives or works, this (genetic code). DNA is located images of a crime taking place suspects, victims and offenders. crime, they attend court and are
is called the circle theory: in the nucleus of each and pictures of the criminals, to asked to explain what they saw.
- The Least Effort Principle chromosome on our body, assist in their investigation. Police National Computer
- The Buffer Zone Principle which can be left at a crime CCTV can also be used to (PNC)
- The Marauder scene and used by forensics to prove a person's innocence. Contains a variety of Expert witnesses
- The Commuter identify an offender or victim. information on: People, Statements given by a
Overt observations vehicles, crimes and properties. professional who is an expert in
Investigative UK National DNA database Overt surveillance is conducted a specific field, they give their
A structured approach that tries Contains genetic information through the use of devices that CRIMINT opinion in court. There are a
to construct the offender's found in DNA that is collected are visible to those being Started by the MET police of variety of experts:
characteristics based on the by different agencies (hair, observed. Greater London. It contains - Medical experts
way the offender committed blood, semen, fingerprints etc). information on criminals, - Blood pattern experts
the crime, it uses an extensive The information is on suspects, CHISs suspected criminals and - Software specialists
database and software. The victims and offenders. ‘Covert Human Intelligence protestors (especially gang - Entomology experts
actions of the offender is Source’ Information is gathered activity). - Expert telephone witnesses
Briefly
broken down into dominant on a person through
explain each themes to understand the establishing a personal INTERPOL databases
type offender. relationship with them Consist of information about
(Informants and undercover child sexual exploitation, stolen
Typological officers). property, firearms, biometric
Produces a profile of the records (DNA & fingerprints)
offender to narrow down the Police observations and organised crime networks.
, Unit 3: From Crime Scene to Courtroom AC 1.2
list of suspects. The crimes are Police observation occurs when
placed into 2 categories: an officer is out on patrol and
Organised notices something suspicious
- Selective victim leading to them observing the
- Weapon brought to crime situation. It is unplanned.
Disorganised
- Impulsive
- Improvised weapon
Clinical
Conducted by professional
psychologists, they aim to
understand the offenders mind
in order to predict their future
behaviour and prevent further
crimes.
Geographical DNA CCTV UK National DNA Database EWT
It is especially helpful in cases DNA from close relatives of an One of the first pieces of Identify suspects and eliminate Eyewitness testimonies are
such as rape, arson and offender can be used to assist evidence police try to gather, as innocent suspects from a crime very persuasive to juries (The
burglary, as the offenders an investigation, as the genetic there are cameras in most – Reduces the possibility of a Devlin Committee in 1976
modus operandi is more profile between relatives is places, especially in towns and miscarriage of justice. found that 74% of 347 cases
apparent. similar (Full siblings generally cities. CCTV can help police (Between 2019 and 2020 there were found guilty by a jury
Case study: John Duffy – share between 33-50% of their identify the offenders. were 1,336 successful appeals, with only EWT as evidence).
David Canter (psychologist) DNA, according to ‘Who are Case study: London Riots – In according to ‘The University of
used details from the crime you made of’, 2021) August 2011 rioting began Law, 2020’ – shows people can Expert witnesses
scene of a series of rapes and Case study: Colette Aram – after the death of Marc be wrongfully convicted Expert telephone witnesses can
murders to locate where Duffy Killed in 1983 (before DNA Duggan. Police used CCTV without DNA evidence). use software programs to
lived and worked, which was a technique) Scientists captured on the night (Over Case study: Govinda Manali – access a victim or offenders;
allowed police to narrow down collected a DNA sample of the 200,000 hours of CCTV were Found guilty of murder in 2000 deleted texts, deleted voice
the suspect list. offender from a local pub that examined over 5 months, and given a life sentence. He messages and contact lists,
the killer visited before according to ‘Wired’, 2015) requested a re-trial, which was which can help trace a suspect.
Investigative murdering Aram. 26 years later over 4000 of the arrests the accepted in 2012, they retested Case study: Alice Ruggles –
Combines data and narrative a relative of Paul Hutchinson police made were due to the DNA evidence stored on killed by her ex-boyfriend.
themes to understand the had his DNA taken after CCTV. the system and proved him Expert telephone witness
offenders modus operandi – committing a driving offence, innocent. discovered that 11 days before
gain better understanding of the which was a familial match to CHISs her murder she rang the police
offenders' motive. the DNA found in the pub, PNC to say her ex-boyfriend (Harry
Case study: Explosions at enabling Paul Hutchinson to be Dhillon) was hacking into her
Radio City Music Hall – James convicted. accounts and stalking her,
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