Well written in-depth notes on Bryman that you need to study for the exam. Third year sociology notes. Well written and structured notes
Includes the textbook, lecture slides as well as lecture notes. I was accepted into honors for Sociology, so these notes will help you get really good marks.
A subset of the population, selected by either probability or nonprobability methods
Criteria for probability sampling:
1. If it is highly significant or NB for the qualitative researcher to be able to generalize to a
wider population – probability sampling more compelling approach
2. If the research questions don’t suggest that particular categories of people should be
sampled- there may be a case for sampling randomly
Why qualitative researchers generally don’t use random sampling:
They want to ensure that they gain access to a wide range of individuals relevant to
their research questions
So that many different perspectives & ranges of activity are the focus of attention
What can be sampled:
People / individuals
Time (when will you be ‘observing’ – vary this)
Space (where…?)
Readings / ideas from formal literature
Discourse (segments: words / paragraphs)
Objects / artefacts /media
Events
Levels of sampling
Two levels of sampling:
1. Sampling of context
2. Sampling of participants
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,Purposive sampling
What is purposive sampling:
Non-probability form of sampling
Researcher doesn’t seek to sample research participants on a random basis
Goal = to sample cases/participants in a strategic way, so that those sampled are
relevant to the research questions that are being posed
To ensure that there is a good deal of variety in the resulting sample
Because it is a non-probability approach generalization is not possible
Purposive sampling approaches:
1. Extreme or deviant case sampling
Sampling cases are unusual
2. Typical case sampling
Sampling a case because it exemplifies a dimension of interest
3. Critical case sampling
Sampling a crucial case that permits a logical inference about the phenomenon
of interest
4. Maximum variation sampling
Sampling to ensure as wide a variation as possible i.t.o the dimension of interest
5. Criterion sampling
Sampling all units that meet a particular criterion
6. Theoretical sampling
The process of data collection for generating theory whereby the analyst jointly
collects, codes & analyses his data & decides what data to collect next & where
to find them in order to develop his theory as it emerges
Emphasizes theoretical saturation as a criterion for deciding when to cease
collecting new data on a particular theoretical idea & to move on to the
investigation of some ramification of the emerging theory
Theoretical saturation
o Key idea is that you carry on sampling theoretically until a category has
been saturated with data
o Until no new or relevant data seem to be emerging regarding a category
o The category is well developed i.t.o its properties & dimensions
demonstration variation
o The relationships among categories are well established & validated
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, 7. Snowball sampling
The researcher samples initially a small group of people relevant to the research
questions
These sampled participants propose other participants who have had the
experience/ characteristics relevant to the research
8. Opportunistic sampling
Capitalizing on opportunities to collect data from certain individuals, contact
with whom is largely unforeseen but who may provide data relevant to the
research question
9. Stratified purposive sampling
Sampling of usually typical cases or individuals within subgroups of interest
Generic purposive sampling:
Relatively open ended & emphasizes the generation of concepts & theories but doesn’t
entail the iterative style of grounded theory
Sampling is conducted purposively but not necessarily with regard to the generation of
theory & theoretical categories
The researcher establishes criteria concerning the kinds of cases needed to address the
research questions, identifies appropriate cases & then samples from those cases that
have been identified
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