HIEU 201 Test 1 (LU) 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

5 reasons to study history (Stearns article) 1) History helps us understand peoples & societies 2) Importance of History in our own lives 3) Contributes to Moral Understanding 4) History Provides Identity 5) Essential for Good Citizenship 4 reasons to care about History (Solomon's article) 1) Because the Bible Contains History 2) Because Jesus took history seriously 3) Because Christian beliefs are based on history 4) because history touches our lives The 3 traditions of Western Civilization (Kurth article) 1) The classical culture of Greece & Rome 2) Christianity 3) Modern Enlightenment Definition of Civilization: the intellectual, material, and cultural development of organized humane society the central force of the first civilizations was religion the first civilizations struggled with 3 main things: 1) surplus food 2) population 3) specialization Ancient Near East is now called Modern Middle East Mesopotamia greek word meaning "land between the rivers", this was where the first civilization began between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Sumerians first to settle in Mesopotamia in 3000 B.C. Cuneiform created by the Sumerians, they were pictographs or signs for numbers that were engraved on clay tablets to represent ideas Ziggurats huge multi-leveled mounds on which temples were built Geography of Mesopotamia vs. Egypt Mesopotamia had NO natural barriers to invade unlike Egypt who were protected by deserts Civilization MUST include these 5 factors: 1) organized government 2) organized religion 3) cities 4) writing 5) monumental architectures Hebrews View of GOD: 1) One 2) Transcendent 3) Sovereign 4) Good Hebrews View of MAN: 1) created in the image of God 2) moral freedom 3) dignity & autonomy The first 5 books of the Old Testament are called: The Torah Under Hebrew law, within the family, who had supreme authority? the Father The Hebrews concept of Yahweh: emphasizes that God's power is ruler of all and subject to none The Hebrew prophets during the prophetic movement: preached social responsibility and criticized those who glorified possessions and wealth During the 11th century B.C., the leadership of Saul: united the 12 Hebrew tribes in Canaan Egyptians: the pyramids and other historical architecture says a lot about them Sumerians: best known for their writing because they were the first to develop it Akkadians: known for spreading Sumerian Culture Babylonian: created the Code of Hammurabi Hittite the first group to work extensively with iron Small nations: Phoenicians and Hebrews known for creating the alphabet and sea trading Assyrians: apart of Niniveh Neo-Babylonians: took the Hebrew captive for 70 years Persians: had a road network meaning they were good at communication, trade & defense within the Empire, also created a coinage and postal system The Dark Age an era of transition between a dead Mycenaean civilization and a still unborn Hellenic civilization After 800 B.C., these changes occured: 1) most efficient Phoenician script 2) population increased dramatically 3) rise in the use of metals 4) overseas trade expanded Homer is considered what according to the textbook: Shaper of the Greek Spirit Homer was known for: 1) writing "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" 2) he grasps that there is an internal logic to existence and a certain order of things 3) his characters in his books were complex and represented powerful human emotions Arete means excellence The Polis created a fierce sense of freedom and independence among the Greeks that promoted creativity but prevented the Greeks from uniting in times of crisis Greek Climate: mild climate caused more people to be outside, events usually were held outdoors Greek Geography: known for islands and mountains surrounding Athens The Persian Wars: 1) sparked the Golden Age 2) it shuts the Persians out of Europe 3) gives the Athenians a sense of pride Pericles: - in 449 B.C. he declares to rebuild the temples - helps bring in the Golden Age - "people power" & "democracy" are key terms - wanted to show the world how great the Athenians were and bring about leadership The Parthenon - temple to Athena - the citizens voted for this to built - remembered for its beautiful design and architecture Athenian Democracy all of the citizens of Athens had equal protection under law and could all vote- this only included a minority of a small group of men