7S3X0 introduction to building physics and material science (7S3X0)
Summary
IBPM Summary 7S3X0 / 7B1B10
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Course
7S3X0 introduction to building physics and material science (7S3X0)
Institution
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TUE)
This document contains both the summary of materials properties and the building physics part of this course. It is mainly focused on the lectures' content but also contains information from past exams.
7S3X0 introduction to building physics and material science (7S3X0)
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Summary for IBPM exam - Materials
1) Material properties
• Hooke’s Law – stress is linearly proportional to strain and Young’s modulus has unit [N/m2]
• Monolithic façade is made from one material
• Polychromatic wall – multi-colored
• Degrees of crystallinity:
o Crystalline = molecules are ordered
o Polycrystalline = consists of multiple
crystals (metals, stone materials, plastics)
o Amorphous (glass, plastics - transparent)
𝜌
• Porosity formula: 𝑃 = (1 − 𝜌𝑉 ) ∙ 100 , where:
𝑆
o 𝜌𝑉 = apparent density, 𝜌𝑆 = specific density
• Heat energy formula: 𝑄 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ ∆𝑇 , where:
o 𝑄 = heat energy, 𝑚 = mass, 𝑐 = specific heat, ∆𝑇 = difference of temperature (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
𝑤𝑒𝑡−𝑑𝑟𝑦
• Moisture content formula: 𝑚𝑐 = ∙ 100
𝑑𝑟𝑦
𝐹
• Stress formula (N/mm2 or MPa): 𝜎 = , where:
𝑆
o 𝜎 = stress, 𝐹 = applied force (load), 𝑆 = surface (area)
∆𝐿
• Strain formula (%): 𝜀 = , where:
𝐿0
o 𝜀 = strain, ∆𝐿 = elongation, 𝐿0 = initial length
𝜎
• Young Modulus (MPa or GPa): 𝐸 = 𝜀
• Water-cement ratio (W/C): mass of water/mass of cement – 0.4 to 0.5 is ideal, but 0.28 is min
2) Natural stone
• Types:
o Igneous rock (bedrock) – unchanged, formed from magma and lava (quartz/feldspar)
▪ Granite, basalt, iron ore
o Sedimentary rock (5% of earth crust) – result of the weathering of rock, subsequently
sediments are compressed into new types of rock
▪ Limestone, sandstone, iron ore
o Metamorphic rock – recrystallization by temperature and/or pressure (so called
‘transformed rock’ – relatively young)
▪ Marble, slate, iron ore
, • How to can natural stone be obtained?
o From mountain/quarry – sawing, cutting, polishing (dimensions stone) / blasting,
grinding, milling, sieving (rock granules)
o From dredging, excavation - after weathering (erosion), transported by wind or water
and deposition (alluvial aggregates – gravel and sand(mostly quartz), clay)
• Products from natural stone:
o Dimension stone (shaped) – granites, sandstones; application: tile, block, column, short
beam (it’s dangerous to make too long beams)
o Aggregates (from weathering or quarrying)
o Fiber (melting and extrusion/spinning)
Figure 1: Facade made of natural stone cladding
• Granules:
o Aggregates (sand, gravel)
▪ Gabion = a net in which aggregates are packed in a cage
▪ Mortar and concrete – mixed with binder cement, lime etc.
▪ Asphalt – mixed with binder bitumen
▪ Heated and cooled – glass, fibers
o Fines (loam, clay)
▪ Clay bricks, loam plaster – compacted and dried
▪ Clay fired bricks, roof tiles – compacted, dried and fired
▪ Cement – heated in a kiln
▪ Glass – heated and quenched
3) Lime, gypsum, cement and concrete
• Ordinary Portland cement is made from C3A, C3S, C2S and gypsum (calcium sulphate)
• White Portland cement has no aluminate clinker phase (C4AF – which gives grey color to
Ordinary Portland cement)
• For concrete: water/cement/sand/gravel ratio = 0. /
• For mortar: cement or lime(binder) / sand = .5 to (has no gypsum)
• Concrete contains gravel, while AAC does not
• Both concrete and AAC contains sand and cement
• Application of quicklime (CaO):
o Sand-lime bricks(calcium silicate) – is made from cement, lime and sand
o AAC (autoclaved aerated concrete) – is made from cement, gypsum, lime, sand (not
mortar as binder)
o Slacked lime – Ca(OH)2 – used as plaster, binder (in masonry mortar)
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